Q: A patient with diabetes mellitus is found to have a fasting blood glucose of 180 mg/dL. Which equation best represents the calculation of their estimated average glucose ($$EAG) $$using the formula $$EAG = (28.7 \times HbA1c) - 46.7 if $$their $$HbA1c is 8$$%?

$$EAG = (28.7 \times 8) - 46.7 = 183.9 mg/dL$$

Question 1

Which of the following is the most common cause of moderate and severe hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Excessive insulin therapy

Question 2

The hypothalamus controls secretions of the adenohypophysis by way of which mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Portal blood vessels

Question 3

During the second stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), which glands release hormones?

Accepted Answer

Adrenal, pituitary, and thyroid glands

Question 4

A patient with diabetes mellitus is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and weight loss

Question 5

Which equation best represents the relationship between blood glucose concentration ($$[G]$$), insulin dose ($$I$$), and rate of glucose uptake ($$R) in a $$patient treated for diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

$$R = k 	imes I$$

Question 6

A diabetic patient is found unconscious with a blood glucose level of 40 mg/dL after receiving their usual insulin dose but skipping breakfast. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Severe hypoglycemia due to insulin overdose

Question 7

Which hormone is released by the adrenal glands during the resistance stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

It transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a classic symptom of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Bradycardia

Question 10

A patient with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus presents with excessive thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss. Which physiological mechanism best explains these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Osmotic diuresis due to hyperglycemia

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why hypoglycemia is a risk for patients with diabetes mellitus treated with insulin?

Accepted Answer

Insulin lowers blood glucose regardless of food intake

Question 12

During the resistance stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 13

Which of the following is a direct effect of cortisol released during the second stage of GAS?

Accepted Answer

Increased gluconeogenesis

Question 14

A patient with diabetes mellitus is experiencing polyuria. Which equation best describes the relationship between plasma glucose concentration ($$[G]) $$and urine output ($$U$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$U \propto [G]$$

Question 15

Which of the following glands is NOT involved in hormone release during the second stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Pineal gland

Question 16

Which of the following is a common misconception about the symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes mellitus is associated with bradycardia and hypotension.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the feedback mechanism between the hypothalamus and the adenohypophysis?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback via releasing and inhibiting hormones

Question 18

A patient with diabetes mellitus is found to have a fasting blood glucose of 180 mg/dL. Which equation best represents the calculation of their estimated average glucose ($$EAG) $$using the formula $$EAG = (28.7 	imes HbA1c) - 46.7 if $$their $$HbA1c is 8$$%?

Accepted Answer

$$EAG = (28.7 	imes 8) - 46.7 = 183.9 mg/dL$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a direct consequence of untreated diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Chronic hyperglycemia leading to vascular damage

Question 20

Which of the following best explains the role of the pituitary gland during the resistance stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

Accepted Answer

It releases ACTH to stimulate cortisol production in the adrenal cortex.

Endocrine System: Diabetes Mellitus, Hypoglycemia, and Hormonal Regulation

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