Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between simple and complex reflex pathways in endocrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

Simple reflexes have a single integrating center and direct response, while complex reflexes involve multiple integrating centers and often use trophic hormones.

Question 2

A.A. Berthold’s classic endocrinology experiment involved which of the following steps?

Accepted Answer

Removal, transplantation, and observation of behavioral changes in roosters after castration and reimplantation of testes.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a function regulated by hormones under endocrine control?

Accepted Answer

Reflex withdrawal from pain

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the half-life ($$t_{1/2}) of a $$hormone in the blood?

Accepted Answer

$$t_{1/2} = \frac{0.693}{k}$$

Question 5

Which of the following hormones is classified as a peptide hormone?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 6

Steroid hormones are synthesized from which precursor molecule?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol

Question 7

Which of the following statements about hormone transport in the blood is correct?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones bind to carrier proteins, increasing their half-life.

Question 8

Which pathway best describes the regulation of cortisol secretion?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus → CRH → Anterior pituitary → ACTH → Adrenal cortex → Cortisol

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of hormone antagonism?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon and insulin acting on blood glucose levels

Question 10

A patient presents with excess cortisol due to a pituitary tumor. Which type of hypercortisolism is this?

Accepted Answer

Secondary hypercortisolism

Question 11

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates milk production in the breast?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin (PRL)

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct example of a simple endocrine reflex?

Accepted Answer

Insulin secretion in response to increased blood glucose

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which hormones act on their target cells?

Accepted Answer

Transporting oxygen in the blood

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones have longer half-lives than peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones bind to carrier proteins in the blood, protecting them from degradation.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct statement about the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?

Accepted Answer

It involves CRH, ACTH, and cortisol in a feedback loop.

Question 16

Which amino acid is a precursor for catecholamine synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Tyrosine

Question 17

Which of the following is a consequence of negative feedback in endocrine pathways?

Accepted Answer

Decreased hormone secretion

Question 18

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 19

Which of the following best describes permissiveness in hormone interactions?

Accepted Answer

One hormone must be present for another to exert its full effect.

Question 20

A patient with atrophy of the adrenal cortex would most likely exhibit which endocrine disorder?

Accepted Answer

Hyposecretion of cortisol

Endocrine System: Hormones, Pathways, and Regulation

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