Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between the nervous and endocrine systems in terms of speed and persistence of response?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system reacts quickly (1 to 10 ms) and stops quickly, while the endocrine system reacts slowly (seconds to days) and its effects may persist for weeks.

Question 2

Which of the following is a primary endocrine organ?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid gland

Question 3

A hormone that is hydrophobic will most likely:

Accepted Answer

Diffuse across the cell membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor.

Question 4

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the mechanism of hydrophobic hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to intracellular receptors, promote transcription, and have slower mechanisms because they create enzymes and proteins from scratch.

Question 5

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and is responsible for increasing water retention in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 6

A patient with diabetes insipidus is most likely deficient in which hormone?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 7

Which of the following best explains negative feedback in hormone regulation?

Accepted Answer

An endocrine organ produces a hormone that binds to target cells to restore balance when levels deviate from normal.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a function of oxytocin?

Accepted Answer

Increases water retention in the kidneys

Question 9

Which hormone stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation, and is secreted in response to growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 10

A child with underproduction of growth hormone during childhood is likely to develop:

Accepted Answer

Primary dwarfism

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the anterior and posterior pituitary is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

The posterior pituitary releases hormones made by the hypothalamus when stimulated by neuroendocrine signals.

Question 12

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the secretion of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 13

Which of the following is a direct effect of IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) in the body?

Accepted Answer

Accelerates bone growth at epiphyseal plates during childhood and puberty

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the anatomical relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus releases hormones into the hypophyseal portal system to regulate the anterior pituitary, and sends nervous signals to the posterior pituitary for hormone release.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of an exocrine gland function?

Accepted Answer

Secretion of digestive enzymes into the lumen of the digestive tract

Question 16

Which equation best represents the half-life ($$t_{1/2}) of a $$hormone if its clearance rate ($$k) is $$known?

Accepted Answer

$$t_{1/2} = \frac{\ln 2}{k}$$

Question 17

A patient with acromegaly is most likely experiencing which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Overproduction of growth hormone leading to widening of bones after losing growth plates

Question 18

Which of the following hormones is secreted by neuroendocrine cells in response to nervous system signals, such as suckling by an infant?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the hypothalamic-pituitary-target organ axis for thyroid hormone regulation?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus releases TRH → Anterior pituitary releases TSH → Thyroid gland releases thyroid hormone

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of prolactin (PRL)?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates secretion of testosterone by testes

Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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