Question 1

Which of the following best explains why herd immunity is effective in controlling the spread of contagious diseases, but not non-contagious diseases like tetanus?

Accepted Answer

Herd immunity relies on the interruption of person-to-person transmission, which does not occur in non-contagious diseases.

Question 2

A hospital patient develops a blue-green pus in a bedsore and is found to be in septic shock. Blood cultures reveal a gram-negative rod. Which organism is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 3

Which biosafety level (BSL) is required for working with agents that cause serious disease by inhalation, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2?

Accepted Answer

BSL-3

Question 4

A laboratory is working with Ebola virus. Which of the following safety measures is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Use of a suit with a life support system in a separate building or controlled area (BSL-4)

Question 5

Which of the following is the most effective single method for preventing nosocomial infections in a hospital setting?

Accepted Answer

Handwashing

Question 6

A patient exposed to a contagious disease is separated from the general population during the incubation period, even though they are not yet ill. What is this practice called?

Accepted Answer

Quarantine

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a common source of nosocomial infections?

Accepted Answer

Consumption of hospital cafeteria food

Question 8

According to the pie chart of nosocomial infection sites, which site is most commonly affected?

Accepted Answer

Urinary tract

Question 9

Which of the following is a key reason for the near-eradication of diseases like polio and measles in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Widespread immunization leading to herd immunity

Question 10

A laboratory worker is handling Streptococcus pneumoniae. Which biosafety level and precautions are required?

Accepted Answer

BSL-2: Open benchtop work with specific training in handling pathogens

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the effect of increasing the proportion of immune individuals in a population, as shown in the first image?

Accepted Answer

The number of cases over time decreases, and outbreaks become less frequent and less severe.

Question 12

Which of the following is a Category A bioterrorism agent according to the CDC?

Accepted Answer

Anthrax

Question 13

A patient in a hospital develops an infection with Staphylococcus aureus after surgery. This infection is best classified as:

Accepted Answer

A nosocomial infection

Question 14

Which of the following universal precautions is recommended by the CDC for handling blood or body fluids?

Accepted Answer

Wear gloves and gowns if soiling of hands, exposed skin, or clothing is likely.

Question 15

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between the proportion of immune individuals ($$I) $$and the basic reproduction number ($$R_0) $$required to achieve herd immunity?

Accepted Answer

$$I = 1 - \frac{1}{R_0$}$$

Question 16

Which of the following is a major challenge in preventing the spread of nosocomial infections?

Accepted Answer

The presence of opportunistic pathogens that are often part of the normal flora

Question 17

A country is attempting to eliminate polio. Which of the following strategies would be LEAST effective?

Accepted Answer

Relying solely on quarantine without immunization

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the main difference between isolation and quarantine?

Accepted Answer

Isolation separates ill patients from the general population, while quarantine separates healthy but exposed individuals.

Question 19

Which of the following is a key feature of a BSL-4 laboratory?

Accepted Answer

Researchers wear suits with life support systems and work in a separate or controlled area.

Question 20

Which of the following is a common misconception about herd immunity?

Accepted Answer

It can protect against non-contagious diseases like tetanus.

Epidemiology and Infection Control: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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