Q: Which equation best represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion across a membrane?

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{out}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{in}}} \right)$$

Question 1

Which neuroglial cell is the most abundant in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Accepted Answer

Astrocytes

Question 2

A patient suffers a fall that damages the right posterior side of the spinal cord at levels T9-L1. Which of the following symptoms is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Loss of pain and temperature sensation on the left side below the lesion

Question 3

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the transmission of pain signals in the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

Substance P

Question 4

Which cranial nerve passes through the optic canal and is responsible for vision?

Accepted Answer

CN II

Question 5

During synaptic transmission, which ion's influx triggers the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles?

Accepted Answer

Ca$$^{2+}$$

Question 6

Which of the following spinal tracts carries proprioceptive information to the cerebellum?

Accepted Answer

Spinocerebellar tract

Question 7

Arrange the following steps in the correct order for sound transmission in the ear:
1. Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane
2. Auditory ossicles vibrate; pressure is amplified
3. Stapes pushes on the oval window
4. Fluid waves travel through the cochlea and deflect hair cells
5. Hair cells stimulate dendrites of CN VIII

Accepted Answer

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Question 8

Which neurotransmitter is found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems and is involved in arousal and alertness?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 9

A lesion in the substantia nigra would most likely affect which neurotransmitter and result in which clinical condition?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine; Parkinson's disease

Question 10

Which cranial nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal and is responsible for motor control of the tongue?

Accepted Answer

CN XII

Question 11

Which equation best represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{out}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{in}}} ight)$$

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of astrocytes in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Provide structural support and regulate the blood-brain barrier

Question 13

Which neurotransmitter is primarily released at neuromuscular junctions to stimulate muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 14

A patient presents with loss of fine touch and proprioception below the level of a spinal cord lesion. Which tract is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal tract

Question 15

Which cranial nerve passes through the jugular foramen and has both sensory and motor functions?

Accepted Answer

CN X

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of the pathway for the spinothalamic tract?

Accepted Answer

Carries pain and temperature information from the body to the thalamus

Question 17

Which neurotransmitter is most associated with sleep regulation and is found in both the CNS and PNS?

Accepted Answer

Adenosine

Question 18

Which equation describes the relationship between membrane potential, ion concentrations, and permeability according to the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation?

Accepted Answer

$$V_m = \frac{RT}{F} \ln \left( \frac{P_{K^+}[K^+]_{out} + P_{Na^+}[Na^+]_{out} + P_{Cl^-}[Cl^-]_{in}}{P_{K^+}[K^+]_{in} + P_{Na^+}[Na^+]_{in} + P_{Cl^-}[Cl^-]_{out}} \right)$$

Exam 2 Review: Nervous System Structure and Function

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