Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of interferons ($$ \alpha $$ and $$ \beta ) in $$innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

They stimulate neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins, limiting viral replication.

Question 2

A patient with a genetic deficiency in complement proteins would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Reduced inflammation and impaired ability to clear bacterial infections.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why vaccines are effective in preventing infectious diseases?

Accepted Answer

They stimulate the production of memory B and T cells specific to the pathogen's antigens.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about MHC molecules is correct?

Accepted Answer

MHC I molecules are found on all nucleated cells and present antigens to cytotoxic T cells.

Question 5

During the process of B cell maturation, which of the following best describes negative selection?

Accepted Answer

Elimination of B cells that strongly bind to self-antigens, preventing autoimmunity.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the Haldane effect in the context of gas transport in blood?

Accepted Answer

The increased ability of deoxygenated hemoglobin to carry carbon dioxide.

Question 7

A patient is experiencing difficulty maintaining open airways in the bronchioles. Which structural change is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Loss of cartilage replaced by increased smooth muscle, leading to airway collapse.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains the role of surfactant in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

It decreases surface tension, making it easier for the alveoli to expand during inspiration.

Question 9

According to Boyle’s Law, what happens to the pressure inside the lungs when the volume of the thoracic cavity increases during inspiration?

Accepted Answer

Pressure decreases, causing air to flow into the lungs.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of the hepatic portal circulation?

Accepted Answer

It transports nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver for processing.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct statement about the absorption of nutrients in the digestive system?

Accepted Answer

Most absorption occurs in the small intestine, particularly in the jejunum and ileum.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of bile in fat digestion?

Accepted Answer

Bile emulsifies fats, increasing their surface area for pancreatic lipase action.

Question 13

A patient has a mutation that prevents the production of secretin. Which of the following digestive processes would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice to neutralize stomach acid.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between an antigen and a hapten?

Accepted Answer

Antigens can elicit an immune response on their own, while haptens require attachment to a carrier protein.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right during exercise?

Accepted Answer

Increased CO$$_2$$, increased temperature, and decreased pH promote oxygen unloading to tissues.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of the villi and microvilli in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

They increase the surface area for maximal absorption of nutrients.

Question 17

A patient with peritonitis is most likely to have which of the following underlying causes?

Accepted Answer

Infection due to a ruptured appendix.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the main function of natural killer (NK) cells in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

They destroy virus-infected and cancerous cells by inducing apoptosis.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of peristalsis in the digestive tract?

Accepted Answer

Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle to propel food along the GI tract.

Question 20

A patient is found to have a deficiency in vitamin K. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

Reduced production of vitamin K by intestinal bacteria.

Exam II Study Guide: Immune, Respiratory, and Digestive Systems

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