Q: Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion across a membrane?

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{out}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{in}}} \right)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the axon hillock in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It is the region where action potentials are initiated due to a high concentration of voltage-gated sodium channels.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing muscle weakness due to a defect in ligand-gated sodium channels. Which process is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

The initiation of action potentials in response to neurotransmitter binding.

Question 3

Which neurotransmitter is primarily inhibitory in the central nervous system and acts by increasing chloride ion influx?

Accepted Answer

GABA

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{out}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{in}}} ight)$$

Question 5

Which glial cell type is responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocyte

Question 6

A patient has a mutation that prevents the formation of tight junctions in the blood-brain barrier. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier, allowing toxins and pathogens to enter the CNS.

Question 7

Which of the following best distinguishes an EPSP from an IPSP?

Accepted Answer

EPSPs depolarize the postsynaptic membrane, increasing the likelihood of an action potential; IPSPs hyperpolarize the membrane, decreasing the likelihood.

Question 8

Which structure allows for communication between the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum?

Accepted Answer

Corpus callosum

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of SNARE proteins in synaptic transmission?

Accepted Answer

They facilitate the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane for neurotransmitter release.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between white matter and gray matter in the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

White matter contains myelinated axons, while gray matter contains neuron cell bodies and dendrites.

Question 11

A patient presents with loss of fine touch and proprioception below the level of a spinal cord injury. Which tract is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Fasciculus gracilis

Question 12

Which equation best represents Ohm's Law as applied to the movement of ions across a neuronal membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$I = V \div R$$

Question 13

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the dorsal root of the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

It contains sensory neuron axons.

Question 14

Which neurotransmitter is most directly involved in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They maintain the blood-brain barrier and regulate the extracellular environment.

Question 16

Which brain wave is most commonly associated with deep sleep?

Accepted Answer

Delta

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events for neurotransmitter release at a chemical synapse?

Accepted Answer

Action potential arrives, voltage-gated calcium channels open, calcium influx, vesicle fusion, neurotransmitter release.

Question 18

Which embryonic structure gives rise to the entirety of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Neural tube

Question 19

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the primary motor cortex?

Accepted Answer

It is located in the frontal lobe and controls voluntary movement.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of voltage-gated potassium channels during an action potential?

Accepted Answer

They open to allow potassium ions to exit the neuron, causing repolarization.

Exam Review Study Guide: Nervous Tissue, Spinal Cord, Brain & Cranial Nerves

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