Question 1

According to Wolff’s law, which of the following best explains why the serving arm of a tennis player has a thicker humerus than the non-serving arm?

Accepted Answer

The serving arm receives more mechanical stress, stimulating bone growth and remodeling.

Question 2

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating cartilage and bone growth during childhood and adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone

Question 3

A patient presents with brittle bones and a history of frequent fractures. Laboratory results show decreased estrogen levels. Which process is most likely dominant in this patient’s bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast activity

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a factor that directly influences bone composition?

Accepted Answer

High intake of carbohydrates

Question 5

Why does bone density decrease with age, particularly in postmenopausal women?

Accepted Answer

Lowered estrogen levels reduce osteoblast activity, allowing osteoclasts to dominate.

Question 6

Which equation best represents the relationship between bone mass ($$B$$), mechanical stress ($$S$$), and hormonal influence ($$H) in $$bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

$$B = k_1$ S + k_2$ H$$

Question 7

A 55-year-old male undergoes a DEXA scan and is diagnosed with osteopenia. Which statement is most accurate regarding his condition?

Accepted Answer

He has low bone mass, but osteoporosis is not inevitable.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of Vitamin C in bone health?

Accepted Answer

It is essential for collagen production, which contributes to bone strength.

Question 9

Which site is LEAST likely to be affected by osteoporosis-related fractures?

Accepted Answer

Femur shaft

Question 10

A patient with decreased physical activity and poor diet is at risk for which bone-related condition, and what is the primary underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Osteoporosis; decreased mechanical stress and mineral intake lead to bone loss.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about bone remodeling is correct?

Accepted Answer

Hormones determine whether and when remodeling occurs, while mechanical stress determines where it occurs.

Question 12

Which of the following changes in the vertebral column is most commonly associated with aging?

Accepted Answer

Development of bone spurs and thinning of vertebral bodies

Question 13

A patient’s DEXA scan shows decreased bone density in the hip and vertebrae. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Osteoporosis

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why bones become hard and brittle with age?

Accepted Answer

Loss of collagen decreases bone strength and flexibility.

Question 15

Which of the following is a direct effect of decreased estrogen/testosterone on bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Increased osteoclast activity leading to bone resorption

Question 16

A 60-year-old woman presents with a bent-over posture, forward head, and flexed knees. Which underlying skeletal changes are most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Thinning vertebral bodies and changes in spinal curvature

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of bone demineralization?

Accepted Answer

Loss of minerals from bone matrix, leading to decreased bone mass and increased fracture risk

Question 18

Which formula best represents the calculation of bone mineral density ($$BMD) as $$measured by a DEXA scan, given bone mass ($$M) $$and bone area ($$A$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$BMD = \frac{M}{A}$$

Question 19

Which of the following interventions is most effective in increasing bone strength in older adults?

Accepted Answer

Weight-bearing exercise

Question 20

A patient with osteoporosis is prescribed medication to inhibit osteoclast activity. What is the expected effect on bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Decreased bone resorption and increased bone mass

Factors Influencing Bone Composition and Remodeling: Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes

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