$$\text{pH} = -\log_{10}[H^+]$$

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why adult women have a lower percentage of body water compared to adult men?

Accepted Answer

Women have more adipose tissue, which contains little water.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of dehydration. Which of the following changes would you expect in their blood?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood osmolarity and decreased blood volume.

Question 3

Which electrolyte is most influential in regulating the volume of urine output?

Accepted Answer

Na$$^+$$

Question 4

During heavy exercise in hot weather, which mechanism is primarily responsible for increased water loss?

Accepted Answer

Perspiration (sweating)

Question 5

Which of the following is a short-term mechanism for thirst satiation?

Accepted Answer

Cooling and moistening of the mouth

Question 6

A patient with chronic vomiting is at risk for which acid-base disorder?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) during dehydration?

Accepted Answer

ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine volume.

Question 8

Which of the following conditions is most likely to result in hypotonic hydration (water intoxication)?

Accepted Answer

Replacing lost sweat with water alone, without electrolytes

Question 9

Which equation best represents the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{pH} = -\log_{10}[H^+]$$

Question 10

Which of the following is a major cation found in body fluids?

Accepted Answer

K$$^+$$

Question 11

A marathon runner collapses after drinking large amounts of water but not replacing electrolytes. What is the most likely physiological consequence?

Accepted Answer

Cellular swelling due to hypotonic hydration

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of electrolytes in the body?

Accepted Answer

Providing energy for cellular metabolism

Question 13

Which acid-base disorder is most likely in a patient with severe diarrhea?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 14

Which buffer system is most effective for correcting acid-base imbalances lasting several days?

Accepted Answer

Renal buffer system

Question 15

If a patient is experiencing hypercapnia, what compensatory mechanism will the respiratory system initiate?

Accepted Answer

Increase ventilation to expel CO$$_2$$ and raise pH

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the movement of water between fluid compartments?

Accepted Answer

Water moves in response to changes in electrolyte concentration.

Question 17

A patient with aldosterone hypersecretion is most likely to experience which fluid disorder?

Accepted Answer

Volume excess

Question 18

Which of the following would most likely cause respiratory alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

Hyperventilation leading to low CO$$_2$$ levels

Question 19

Which of the following is a major effect of dehydration in infants?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of circulatory shock and neurological dysfunction

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of vasoconstriction in cold, dry environments?

Accepted Answer

Conserves heat, increases blood pressure, decreases ADH, and increases urine output.

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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