Question 1

Which of the following best explains why water is essential for all cellular operations in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Water acts as a diffusion medium for gases, nutrients, and wastes, enabling cellular metabolism.

Question 2

A patient presents with swelling in the lower limbs due to a blockage in lymphatic drainage. What is the most accurate term for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Lymphedema

Question 3

Which hormone is released in response to abnormal stretching of the heart walls and acts to lower blood pressure by promoting diuresis?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 4

A person is experiencing severe dehydration due to repeated vomiting. Which of the following homeostatic responses is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Increased secretion of ADH and renin to conserve water

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the effect of hyperhydration on extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments?

Accepted Answer

ECF becomes hypotonic, causing water to move into ICF and potentially distorting cells.

Question 6

A patient with chronic renal failure is at risk for which electrolyte imbalance, and what is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Hypocalcemia, which can lead to muscle spasms and cardiac arrhythmias

Question 7

Which equation correctly represents the dissociation of carbonic acid in blood, a process critical for acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

$$ \mathrm{H_2CO_3} \rightarrow \mathrm{H^+} + \mathrm{HCO_3^-} $$

Question 8

A patient with a blood pH of 7.30 and elevated blood $$\mathrm{$$PCO_2$$} is $$most likely experiencing which condition?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis due to hypoventilation

Question 9

Which of the following is the dominant cation in the intracellular fluid (ICF), and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Potassium ($$\mathrm{K^+}$$); essential for maintaining resting membrane potential

Question 10

A patient is found to have abnormally low sodium concentrations in the blood after running a marathon and drinking excessive water without electrolyte replacement. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia

Question 11

Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium loss in the kidneys, and what is the physiological consequence?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; increases water retention and blood volume

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the relationship between $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$ and blood pH?

Accepted Answer

An increase in $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$ leads to a decrease in blood pH due to formation of carbonic acid.

Question 13

A patient with hyperparathyroidism is likely to exhibit which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Elevated calcium ($$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$}) $$concentration in extracellular fluid

Question 14

Which of the following is a direct effect of natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Increased excretion of sodium and water, leading to decreased blood volume

Question 15

A patient with a deficiency of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is most likely to develop which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Hypocalcemia

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why problems with potassium balance are more dangerous than sodium imbalance?

Accepted Answer

Potassium is critical for cardiac and neural function; imbalances can cause arrhythmias and paralysis.

Question 17

Which of the following is the primary source of water gain in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Absorption from the digestive tract (drinking and eating)

Question 18

A patient with a blood pH of 7.50 is said to be in which physiological state?

Accepted Answer

Alkalosis

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the movement of water during dehydration when electrolytes are retained?

Accepted Answer

Water moves from ICF to ECF, causing cells to shrink.

Question 20

Which of the following equations represents the metabolic generation of water during oxidative phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

$$ \mathrm{O_2} + 4\mathrm{e^-} + 4\mathrm{H^+} \rightarrow 2\mathrm{H_2O} $$

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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