Question 1

A patient presents with swelling in the lower limbs. Upon examination, it is determined that the swelling is due to a blockage in the lymphatic system. Which term best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Lymphedema

Question 2

Which of the following best explains why water moves from the intracellular fluid (ICF) to the extracellular fluid (ECF) during dehydration, assuming electrolytes are retained?

Accepted Answer

The ECF osmotic concentration rises, drawing water out of the ICF.

Question 3

A patient with chronic renal failure is most likely to develop which electrolyte imbalance, and what is the primary hormone involved in its regulation?

Accepted Answer

Hypocalcemia; regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 4

Which hormone is released in response to abnormal stretching of the heart walls and acts to lower blood pressure by promoting diuresis?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 5

A marathon runner loses 4 L of water per hour through sweat during a race. If the runner does not adequately replace both water and electrolytes, which condition is most likely to develop, and what is the primary risk to cellular function?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration; risk of increased ECF osmotic concentration

Question 6

Which of the following equations correctly represents the dissociation of carbonic acid in blood, and what is its significance in acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{H_2CO_3 \rightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}$$; it helps buffer changes in blood pH

Question 7

A patient is found to have a blood pH of 7.30 and an elevated partial pressure of CO$$_2$$ ($$\mathrm{$$PCO_2$$}). $$Which condition does this indicate, and what is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Acidosis; hypoventilation

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on kidney function?

Accepted Answer

It increases sodium reabsorption and potassium loss.

Question 9

A patient with a history of excessive water intake but minimal electrolyte consumption is at risk for which condition, and what is a key sign?

Accepted Answer

Hyperhydration; hyponatremia

Question 10

Which of the following ions is the dominant cation in the intracellular fluid (ICF), and what percentage of this ion is found inside cells?

Accepted Answer

Potassium; 98%

Question 11

A patient with hyperparathyroidism is most likely to exhibit which electrolyte imbalance, and what is the underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Hypercalcemia; increased PTH secretion

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why problems with potassium balance are more dangerous than sodium imbalance, despite being less common?

Accepted Answer

Potassium imbalances directly affect cardiac and neural function.

Question 13

Which hormone acts to raise blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity and increasing intestinal absorption of calcium?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 14

A patient is experiencing repeated vomiting and diarrhea, leading to severe water loss. Which homeostatic responses would you expect to be activated?

Accepted Answer

Increased ADH and renin secretion; increased thirst

Question 15

Which of the following is the primary source of water gain in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Digestive system

Question 16

A patient with a blood pH of 7.50 is said to be in which physiological state, and what is the term for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Alkalosis; alkalemia

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the relationship between CO$$_2$$ and blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Increased CO$$_2$$ leads to decreased pH (acidosis).

Question 18

Which of the following is a direct effect of natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) on the body?

Accepted Answer

Block release of ADH and aldosterone

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the movement of water during hyperhydration?

Accepted Answer

Water moves from ECF to ICF, causing cell swelling.

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the total daily water gain required to balance typical water losses in an adult?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Total\ Water\ Gain = Drinking + Eating + Metabolic\ Generation}$$

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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