Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between growth and reproduction in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Growth increases the number of cells in an organism, while reproduction involves the formation of new organisms.

Question 2

Arrange the following levels of structural organization in the human body from simplest to most complex: tissue, organ, cell, organ system.

Accepted Answer

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system

Question 3

Which property of life enables organisms to respond to environmental changes, and how does this support survival? Choose the best example.

Accepted Answer

Responsiveness; for example, when you touch a hot stove, you quickly withdraw your hand to avoid injury.

Question 4

Which of the following best defines homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Question 5

Which scenario is an example of negative feedback in the human body?

Accepted Answer

When blood glucose rises after a meal, insulin is released to lower glucose levels back to normal.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains how positive feedback works, using childbirth as an example?

Accepted Answer

Uterine contractions cause the release of oxytocin, which intensifies contractions until the baby is delivered.

Question 7

Which of the following correctly matches the subatomic particle with its charge and location in the atom?

Accepted Answer

Proton: positive charge, located in the nucleus

Question 8

Which statement about isotopes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, such as $$^{14}C$$ and $$^{12}C.$$

Question 9

Which of the following best explains the role of hydrogen bonding in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds stabilize the three-dimensional structure of proteins and hold the two strands of DNA together.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a function of water in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Serving as the primary source of energy for cells

Question 11

How does the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system help maintain blood pH?

Accepted Answer

It neutralizes excess acids or bases by shifting the equilibrium: $$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}.$$

Question 12

Which of the following correctly matches a type of lipid with its function?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids: form cell membranes

Question 13

What is the basic building block (monomer) of a protein, and what type of bond holds these monomers together?

Accepted Answer

Amino acid; peptide bond

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the structural difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is double-stranded and contains deoxyribose; RNA is single-stranded and contains ribose.

Question 15

What is ATP, and how does it release energy for cellular processes?

Accepted Answer

ATP is adenosine triphosphate; it releases energy when its terminal phosphate bond is broken: $$\mathrm{ATP \rightarrow ADP + P_i + energy}.$$

Question 16

Which of the following statements correctly differentiates anabolism and catabolism?

Accepted Answer

Anabolism is endergonic (requires energy), while catabolism is exergonic (releases energy).

Question 17

What is the primary role of enzymes in chemical reactions within the body?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy required for reactions to proceed.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes 'activation energy' and the effect of enzymes on it?

Accepted Answer

Activation energy is the minimum energy required to start a reaction; enzymes lower this energy barrier.

Question 19

A patient is experiencing muscle cramps due to a pH imbalance. Which buffer system is most responsible for correcting this imbalance in the blood, and what is the key chemical equation involved?

Accepted Answer

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system; $$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 20

Which two factors most directly influence the rate of a chemical reaction catalyzed by an enzyme in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Temperature and pH

Foundations of Anatomy & Physiology: Study Notes on Life Properties, Homeostasis, Chemistry, and Macromolecules

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