Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between somatic cells and sex cells in humans?

Accepted Answer

Sex cells include sperm in males and oocytes in females, while somatic cells comprise all other cells in the body.

Question 2

A scientist wants to observe the three-dimensional surface structure of cilia on respiratory tract cells. Which microscopy technique should they use?

Accepted Answer

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 4

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 5

A cell is observed to engulf a bacterium by surrounding it with its plasma membrane and forming a vesicle. Which process is this?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 6

Which of the following best explains the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis and processing

Question 7

If a cell's ion pump moves Na$$^+$$ out of the cell and K$$^+$$ into the cell simultaneously, what type of transport is this?

Accepted Answer

Exchange pump (active transport)

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 9

A researcher needs to visualize the internal structure of mitochondria at very high magnification. Which microscope should they use?

Accepted Answer

Transmission electron microscope

Question 10

Which organelle contains catalase to break down hydrogen peroxide ($$H_2O_2) in $$liver cells?

Accepted Answer

Peroxisome

Question 11

Which type of intercellular junction allows direct communication between adjacent cells by permitting the passage of ions and small molecules?

Accepted Answer

Communicating (gap) junction

Question 12

What is the main structural component of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipid bilayer

Question 13

Which process requires energy input from the cell to move substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 14

A cell is observed to take in extracellular fluid and dissolved solutes by forming small vesicles. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Pinocytosis

Question 15

Which organelle is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 16

During mitosis, in which phase do paired chromatids line up in the center of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 17

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for cell movement and the transport of materials within the cell?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 18

If a cell is exposed to a toxin that disrupts the function of ribosomes, which cellular process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 19

Which phase of the cell cycle involves duplication of organelles and preparation for DNA synthesis?

Accepted Answer

G$$_1$$ phase

Question 20

A patient has a genetic disorder affecting the structure of histones. Which cellular process is most likely to be disrupted?

Accepted Answer

Formation of nucleosomes and chromatin organization

Foundations of the Cell: Structure, Function, and Study Techniques

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