$$AVR = (TV - dead space) \times respiratory rate$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the nasal cavity in the upper respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

It warms, filters, and cleans incoming air, providing a resonance chamber for speech and housing olfactory receptors.

Question 2

During swallowing, which structure prevents food or liquids from entering the larynx?

Accepted Answer

The epiglottis

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents Boyle's Law as it applies to pulmonary ventilation?

Accepted Answer

$$P_1V_1 = P_2V_2$$

Question 4

A patient with restrictive pulmonary disease is likely to show which of the following changes in respiratory volumes?

Accepted Answer

Decreased vital capacity (VC), total lung capacity (TLC), and residual volume (RV)

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why alveolar air has a higher concentration of $$CO_2$$ and lower $$O_2$$ than atmospheric air?

Accepted Answer

Alveolar air is humidified and mixes with residual air from previous breaths, and gas exchange occurs with blood.

Question 6

Which law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas?

Accepted Answer

Dalton's Law

Question 7

If the intrapleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure, what is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The lungs collapse due to loss of negative pressure.

Question 8

Which of the following structures is responsible for producing mucus and trapping pathogens in the trachea?

Accepted Answer

Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

Question 9

A patient performs a Valsalva maneuver. What physiological effect does this have?

Accepted Answer

It closes the glottis and increases intra-abdominal pressure.

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)?

Accepted Answer

$$AVR = (TV - dead space) 	imes respiratory rate$$

Question 11

Which physical factor most directly reduces airway resistance during inspiration?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic stimulation causing bronchodilation

Question 12

During external respiration, which gradient drives $$O_2$$ from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries?

Accepted Answer

A partial pressure gradient of $$O_2$$ between alveolar air and blood

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

It reduces surface tension in alveoli, preventing collapse during expiration.

Question 14

Which respiratory volume is defined as the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal expiration?

Accepted Answer

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Question 15

A patient with asthma experiences bronchoconstriction. Which of the following is most likely to increase as a result?

Accepted Answer

Airway resistance

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the pleurae surrounding the lungs?

Accepted Answer

They produce pleural fluid to reduce friction during breathing and compartmentalize the lungs.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why quiet expiration is a passive process?

Accepted Answer

It depends on elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic cage.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating total lung capacity (TLC)?

Accepted Answer

$$TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV$$

Question 19

Which structure is the first to branch off the trachea and enter the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Primary bronchi

Question 20

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is likely to show which of the following changes in pulmonary function tests?

Accepted Answer

Decreased forced expiratory volume (FEV) and increased residual volume (RV)

Functional Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System

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