Question 1

Which of the following best explains why sodium (Na) forms a cation with a charge of $$+1$$ when it reacts with chlorine (Cl) to form sodium chloride (NaCl)?

Accepted Answer

Sodium has one valence electron, which it loses to achieve a stable octet, resulting in a $$+1$$ charge.

Question 2

A patient is found to have a blood pH of $$7.1. $$Which of the following best describes their condition, and what is the physiological significance?

Accepted Answer

The patient is experiencing acidosis, which can impair enzyme function and disrupt normal cellular processes.

Question 3

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances?

Accepted Answer

Hydrophilic substances dissolve easily in water due to their polar nature, while hydrophobic substances do not dissolve in water because they are nonpolar.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why water is considered a universal solvent in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Water's polarity allows it to dissolve many ionic and polar substances by surrounding and separating their ions or molecules.

Question 5

A solution has a hydrogen ion concentration of $$1 	imes 10$$^{-8}$$ M. What is its pH, and is it acidic, neutral, or basic?

Accepted Answer

pH $$= 8$$, which is basic.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the process of dehydration synthesis in the formation of polymers?

Accepted Answer

It involves the removal of a water molecule to form a covalent bond between two monomers.

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct example of an electrolyte and its physiological importance?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ions ($$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$}) $$are required for muscle contraction and nerve cell function.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why acids and bases are important in maintaining homeostasis in the human body?

Accepted Answer

They help regulate the pH of body fluids, which is essential for proper enzyme function and metabolic processes.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about carbohydrates is correct?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and serve as the main energy source for most cells.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

Question 11

A biochemistry student adds hydrochloric acid ($$\mathrm{HCl}) to a $$solution, causing the pH to drop from $$7.4 to$$ $$6.8. $$What has happened to the hydrogen ion concentration?

Accepted Answer

The hydrogen ion concentration has increased, making the solution more acidic.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why proteins are considered polymers?

Accepted Answer

Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of buffers in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Buffers help maintain a stable pH by binding or releasing hydrogen ions as needed.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct statement about the structure of nucleic acids?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acids are polymers made of nucleotide monomers joined by phosphodiester bonds.

Question 15

A solution has a pH of $$5. $$How does its hydrogen ion concentration compare to a solution with a pH of $$7$$?

Accepted Answer

It is $$100$$ times higher.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why lipids are considered hydrophobic?

Accepted Answer

Lipids are nonpolar molecules with a high proportion of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of glycogen in animals?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen serves as a storage form of glucose in liver and muscle cells.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons.

Question 19

A patient is given a solution containing sodium chloride ($$\mathrm{NaCl}). $$Which of the following best describes what happens when $$\mathrm{NaCl}$$ dissolves in water?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{NaCl}$$ dissociates into $$\mathrm{Na^+}$$ and $$\mathrm{Cl^-}$$ ions, which are surrounded by water molecules.

Fundamental Chemical Principles in Anatomy & Physiology: Water, Bonds, pH, and Biomolecules

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