Question 1

Which of the following best describes a chemical element, and which four elements make up the majority of body mass?

Accepted Answer

A chemical element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means; the four major elements are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Question 2

Which subatomic particle has a mass of approximately $$1 	ext{ amu}$$, a positive charge, and is located in the nucleus of an atom?

Accepted Answer

Proton

Question 3

An atom has 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons. What is its atomic number and atomic mass?

Accepted Answer

Atomic number: $$8$$, Atomic mass: $$16$$

Question 4

Which statement correctly distinguishes between a compound and a mixture?

Accepted Answer

A compound is formed by chemical bonds between elements, while a mixture consists of substances physically combined without chemical bonding.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes a colloid?

Accepted Answer

A mixture in which particles are large enough to scatter light but do not settle out, such as cytoplasm.

Question 6

According to the octet rule, how do atoms typically achieve stability during chemical bonding?

Accepted Answer

By gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to have eight electrons in their valence shell.

Question 7

Which type of chemical bond involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in charged ions?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bond

Question 8

Which of the following compounds is polar, and why?

Accepted Answer

Water ($$\mathrm{H_2O}$$), because the electrons are shared unequally between oxygen and hydrogen.

Question 9

Which chemical reaction type is represented by the equation $$A + B \rightarrow AB$$?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis reaction

Question 10

In the oxidation-reduction reaction $$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\mathrm{O_2$} \rightarrow 6\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\mathrm{H_2O}$$, which molecule is oxidized and which is reduced?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is oxidized, oxygen is reduced.

Question 11

Why are most chemical reactions in the human body considered irreversible?

Accepted Answer

Because products are continuously removed or used in other reactions, preventing the reverse reaction.

Question 12

Which factor would NOT increase the rate of a chemical reaction in the body?

Accepted Answer

Decreasing the concentration of reactants

Question 13

What is the primary role of water in maintaining body homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a universal solvent, facilitating chemical reactions and transport of substances.

Question 14

Which of the following best defines an acid and a base, and how is pH calculated?

Accepted Answer

An acid releases $$\mathrm{H^+}$$ ions, a base releases $$\mathrm{OH^-}$$ ions; pH is calculated as $$\mathrm{pH} = -\log_{10}[\mathrm{H^+}]$$

Question 15

Which process is responsible for joining two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide, and what is released during this reaction?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis; water ($$\mathrm{H_2O}) is $$released.

Question 16

Which of the following is the monomer of proteins, and what type of bond links these monomers?

Accepted Answer

Amino acid; peptide bond

Question 17

Which level of protein structure is defined by the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 18

How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions in the body?

Accepted Answer

By lowering the activation energy required for the reaction

Question 19

Which statement correctly compares DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose and is double-stranded; RNA contains ribose and is single-stranded.

Fundamental Chemistry Concepts for Anatomy & Physiology

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