Question 1

Which of the following best explains why sodium chloride (NaCl) forms an ionic bond?

Accepted Answer

Sodium donates an electron to chloride, resulting in oppositely charged ions that attract each other.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing muscle weakness due to a lack of ATP production. Which organelle is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between polar and non-polar covalent bonds?

Accepted Answer

Polar covalent bonds involve unequal sharing of electrons due to differences in electronegativity, while non-polar covalent bonds involve equal sharing.

Question 4

Which formula correctly represents the calculation of pH in a solution?

Accepted Answer

$$pH = -\log_{10}[H^+]$$

Question 5

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will shrink as water leaves.

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of proteins in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Catalyzing biochemical reactions as enzymes

Question 7

Which cell junction type is most important for preventing leakage between epithelial cells lining the intestines?

Accepted Answer

Tight junctions

Question 8

A patient with severe dehydration has a reduced volume of extracellular fluid. Which of the following is NOT a component of extracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

Cytosol

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of stem cells in tissue repair?

Accepted Answer

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can divide and develop into specialized cells.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

Question 11

A person is exposed to a toxin that disrupts the phospholipid bilayer of their cells. Which cell structure is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Plasma membrane

Question 12

Which connective tissue type stores energy and insulates the body?

Accepted Answer

Adipose

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why water is an effective solvent in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Water molecules are polar, allowing them to dissolve ionic and polar substances.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct description of apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

Programmed cell death due to developmental or internal signals.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of epithelial tissue?

Accepted Answer

Protects underlying tissues and forms boundaries.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the structure of a triglyceride?

Accepted Answer

Three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule

Question 17

A mutation causes a protein to lose its tertiary structure. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The protein will lose its function due to loss of shape.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of gap junctions?

Accepted Answer

They allow for communication and movement of ions between adjacent cells.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates are used for energy storage and structural support.

Question 20

A patient is diagnosed with hypoxia. What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

The patient has a lack of oxygen in the tissues.

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology: Chemical and Cellular Foundations

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