Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

To detect changes in the internal and external environment, process information, and coordinate responses

Question 2

A patient presents with loss of sensation in the right arm but retains motor function. Which component of the nervous system is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Sensory (afferent) division of the PNS

Question 3

Which of the following correctly compares the structure and function of the CNS and PNS?

Accepted Answer

The CNS processes information, while the PNS transmits information to and from the CNS

Question 4

Which neuroglial cell is responsible for myelinating axons in the CNS, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocyte; increases conduction velocity by forming myelin sheaths

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of gray and white matter in the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

White matter is located on the surface, gray matter is deep

Question 6

A neuron receives input signals primarily through which structure?

Accepted Answer

Dendrites

Question 7

Which structural type of neuron is most commonly found in the CNS and is involved in integrating information?

Accepted Answer

Multipolar neuron

Question 8

Which of the following statements about myelination is correct?

Accepted Answer

Myelination increases the speed of action potential conduction via saltatory conduction

Question 9

Which equation best represents the resting membrane potential ($$RMP) of a $$neuron, considering the relative concentrations of sodium ($$Na^+) $$and potassium ($$K^+) $$ions?

Accepted Answer

$$RMP = \frac{RT}{F} \ln \left( \frac{P_{K^+}[K^+]_{out} + P_{Na^+}[Na^+]_{out}}{P_{K^+}[K^+]_{in} + P_{Na^+}[Na^+]_{in}} \right)$$

Question 10

During the depolarization phase of an action potential, which ion and channel are primarily involved, and what is the direction of ion movement?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ($$Na^+) $$through voltage-gated sodium channels, moving into the cell

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why action potentials propagate faster in myelinated axons compared to unmyelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Myelinated axons allow action potentials to jump between nodes of Ranvier via saltatory conduction

Question 12

A patient with multiple sclerosis experiences slowed neural conduction. Which anatomical defect is most directly responsible for this clinical manifestation?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of myelin sheaths in the CNS

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between an absolute and a relative refractory period?

Accepted Answer

Absolute refractory period occurs when voltage-gated sodium channels are inactivated and no action potential can be generated

Question 14

Which of the following is a mechanism by which neurotransmitter activity at a synapse can be terminated?

Accepted Answer

Enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft

Question 15

Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Glutamate

Question 16

A neural circuit in which several presynaptic neurons converge on a single postsynaptic neuron is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Converging circuit

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports $$3$$ sodium ions out and $$2$$ potassium ions in, maintaining the electrochemical gradient

Question 18

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the nervous system's role in homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system detects a drop in blood pressure and activates the sympathetic division to increase heart rate

Question 19

A patient is exposed to a paralytic agent that blocks acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. What is the most likely clinical manifestation?

Accepted Answer

Muscle paralysis due to failure of synaptic transmission

Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue: Structured Study Guide

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