Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between electrical and chemical signals in neural communication?

Accepted Answer

Electrical signals involve changes in membrane potential, while chemical signals involve the release of molecules such as neurotransmitters.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a form of local communication in the body?

Accepted Answer

Hormones

Question 3

In signal transduction, what is the role of a second messenger?

Accepted Answer

It relays and amplifies the signal inside the cell after the first messenger binds to the receptor.

Question 4

Which of the following best defines an agonist?

Accepted Answer

A molecule that mimics the action of a natural ligand and activates a receptor.

Question 5

Which type of gated channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated channel

Question 6

Which of the following statements about stimulus intensity coding is correct?

Accepted Answer

Stimulus intensity is coded by the frequency of action potentials.

Question 7

Which division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles?

Accepted Answer

Somatic division

Question 8

Which part of the neuron typically receives incoming signals?

Accepted Answer

Dendrite

Question 9

Which type of glial cell is responsible for myelinating axons in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocyte

Question 10

What is the primary function of the Nodes of Ranvier?

Accepted Answer

To facilitate saltatory conduction of action potentials

Question 11

On which side of the neuronal cell membrane is the concentration of $$\mathrm{K^+}$$ ions higher?

Accepted Answer

Inside the cell

Question 12

Which of the following best describes myelination?

Accepted Answer

The formation of a fatty sheath around axons to increase the speed of electrical conduction

Question 13

Where do graded potentials typically occur in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

At the dendrites and cell body

Question 14

Which statement about action potentials is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Action potentials are all-or-none events and do not decrease in strength as they travel.

Question 15

A patient is exposed to a drug that acts as an antagonist at acetylcholine receptors. What is the most likely effect?

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of acetylcholine binding, leading to reduced muscle activation

Question 16

Which of the following best explains how the nervous system distinguishes between a weak and a strong stimulus?

Accepted Answer

By the frequency of action potentials generated

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the generic signal pathway in cell communication?

Accepted Answer

Signal molecule → receptor → transducer → response

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of microglia in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Providing immune defense and removing debris

Question 19

A neuron receives multiple subthreshold graded potentials at its dendrites. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The graded potentials may summate to reach threshold and trigger an action potential.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference in speed and specificity between neural and endocrine control systems?

Accepted Answer

Neural control is faster and more specific, while endocrine control is slower and less specific.

Human Physiology: Signaling, Neurons, and Nervous System Study Guide (Chapters 6 & 8)

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