Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific defense, while adaptive immunity is specific and develops over time after exposure to antigens.

Question 2

Which antibody class is first released during a primary immune response?

Accepted Answer

IgM

Question 3

A patient is exposed to a virus and develops immunity after recovering. What type of immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Natural active immunity

Question 4

Which cell type is responsible for killing virus-infected cells directly?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Fever

Question 6

What is the role of surfactant in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

It decreases the surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why oxygen unloads from hemoglobin more readily in metabolically active tissues?

Accepted Answer

Higher temperature, lower pH, and increased $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$ decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.

Question 8

During inhalation, what causes air to move into the lungs?

Accepted Answer

The pressure inside the lungs drops below atmospheric pressure due to diaphragm contraction.

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct pathway for air from the nasal cavity to the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

Nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of MHC proteins?

Accepted Answer

They present antigen fragments to T cells, initiating an immune response.

Question 11

A patient receives an injection of antibodies after exposure to rabies. What type of immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Artificial passive immunity

Question 12

Which respiratory volume is defined as the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation?

Accepted Answer

Residual volume

Question 13

If a person’s tidal volume is 500 mL, inspiratory reserve volume is 3000 mL, and expiratory reserve volume is 1200 mL, what is their vital capacity?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{VC = TV + IRV + ERV = 500\ mL + 3000\ mL + 1200\ mL = 4700\ mL}$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of helper T cells?

Accepted Answer

Activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells by releasing cytokines

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the Bohr effect?

Accepted Answer

Increased $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$ and decreased pH reduce hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, promoting oxygen unloading.

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding the transport of $$\mathrm{CO_2$} in $$the blood?

Accepted Answer

Most $$\mathrm{CO_2$} is $$transported as bicarbonate ions ($$\mathrm{$$HCO_3$$^-}) in $$plasma.

Question 17

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in increased oxygen unloading from hemoglobin in tissues?

Accepted Answer

Tissues with high $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$, high temperature, and low pH

Question 18

Which of the following is a physical barrier involved in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

Skin

Question 19

Which respiratory volume is defined as the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing?

Accepted Answer

Tidal volume

Immune & Respiratory Systems: Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology

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