Question 1

Which of the following best explains why water is essential for most chemical reactions in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Water acts as a solvent, allowing hydrophilic molecules to dissolve and interact.

Question 2

A patient receives an intravenous solution that is hypotonic compared to their blood plasma. What is the most likely effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Red blood cells will swell and may burst due to water influx.

Question 3

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the concentration of a solute in a solution?

Accepted Answer

$$C = \frac{m}{V}$$

Question 4

Which of the following statements about ions is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Ions are atoms that hold a charge due to gaining or losing electrons.

Question 5

Which inorganic compound is most directly involved in the production of ATP in human cells?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$O_2)$$

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the structure of a typical eukaryotic cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

A fluid-mosaic pattern composed mainly of lipids and proteins.

Question 7

Which type of transport across the cell membrane requires energy in the form of ATP?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 8

A solution contains 0.5 mol of NaCl dissolved in 1 L of water. What is the molarity of the solution?

Accepted Answer

$$0.5\ \mathrm{M}$$

Question 9

Which of the following organic compounds is primarily responsible for short-term energy storage in cells?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why hydrophobic molecules do not easily pass through the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Hydrophobic molecules are nonpolar and can easily pass through the lipid bilayer.

Question 11

Which of the following is the basic unit of proteins?

Accepted Answer

Amino acids

Question 12

A patient with edema (swelling due to excess fluid) is given a hypertonic solution. What is the physiological rationale for this treatment?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic solutions draw water out of cells, reducing swelling.

Question 13

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

Accepted Answer

Organic compounds contain carbon and are typically found in living organisms.

Question 14

Which organelle is primarily responsible for breaking down toxins such as phenol and formaldehyde in human cells?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER)

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of passive transport across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient without energy input.

Question 16

Which of the following is the basic unit of nucleic acids?

Accepted Answer

Nucleotides

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of proteins in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Facilitating chemical reactions as enzymes

Question 18

Which of the following ions is most important for nerve impulses in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ($$Na^+)$$

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of lipids in cells?

Accepted Answer

Long-term energy storage and forming cellular structures

Question 20

Which process is responsible for dividing a cell into two identical daughter cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis

Important Building Blocks for Life: Chemistry Foundations in Anatomy & Physiology

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