Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

They filter lymph and provide sites for immune cell activation and proliferation.

Question 2

A patient has a mutation that prevents the formation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II proteins. Which immune function would be most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Activation of helper T cells by antigen-presenting cells

Question 3

During an allergic reaction, which type of antibody is primarily responsible for the release of histamine from mast cells?

Accepted Answer

IgE

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why lymphatic vessels are structurally different from blood capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Lymphatic vessels have overlapping endothelial cells that act as one-way valves to allow interstitial fluid entry.

Question 5

A patient with lymphedema has swelling in the right arm after lymph node removal. Which mechanism best explains this condition?

Accepted Answer

Impaired lymphatic drainage leading to accumulation of interstitial fluid

Question 6

Which of the following is a key difference between innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) immunity?

Accepted Answer

Adaptive immunity involves memory cells that provide a faster response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.

Question 7

A patient is exposed to a new strain of influenza virus. Which immune response will provide the fastest initial defense?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages

Question 8

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between pressure and volume in the lungs during inspiration, according to Boyle's Law?

Accepted Answer

$$P_1$$ $$V_1$$ = $$P_2$$ $$V_2$$

Question 9

During quiet inspiration, which muscle is primarily responsible for increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity?

Accepted Answer

Diaphragm

Question 10

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has increased airway resistance. Which of the following best explains the effect on airflow, using the equation $$F = \frac{\Delta P}{R}$$?

Accepted Answer

Airflow decreases as resistance increases, if pressure difference remains constant.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of surfactant in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

It decreases surface tension, making it easier for the alveoli to expand during inspiration.

Question 12

A patient has a total lung capacity (TLC) of 6 L, a vital capacity (VC) of 4.5 L, and a residual volume (RV) of 1.5 L. What is the functional residual capacity (FRC)? Use the formula $$FRC = ERV + RV$$ and $$TLC = VC + RV.$$

Accepted Answer

3.0 L

Question 13

Which of the following factors would cause the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the right, facilitating oxygen release to tissues?

Accepted Answer

Increased hydrogen ion concentration (lower pH)

Question 14

Which equation represents the reversible reaction for carbon dioxide transport in blood catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase?

Accepted Answer

$$CO_2 + H_2O$$ \rightleftharpoons H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-$$

Question 15

A patient is experiencing metabolic acidosis. How will the respiratory system compensate for this acid-base disturbance?

Accepted Answer

By increasing respiratory rate to expel more $$CO_2$$

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of helper T cells (CD4+) in adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

They activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells by releasing cytokines.

Question 17

A patient receives an injection of antibodies against rabies virus after a potential exposure. This is an example of which type of immunity?

Accepted Answer

Passive artificial immunity

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why gas exchange between alveoli and blood is efficient?

Accepted Answer

The partial pressure gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide are large, and the diffusion distance is short.

Question 19

A patient with severe pneumonia has a decreased arterial $$P_{O_2$}$$ and increased $$P_{CO_2$}. $$Which of the following best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

Impaired diffusion of gases across the alveolar-capillary membrane

Lymphatic, Immune, and Respiratory Systems: Study Guide

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