Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity provides a general defense against any type of invading agent, while adaptive immunity targets specific pathogens through the activities of lymphocytes.

Question 2

A patient receives a vaccine containing inactivated pathogens. Which type of immunity is primarily induced?

Accepted Answer

Artificially induced active immunity

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT considered a component of innate (nonspecific) immunity?

Accepted Answer

B cells

Question 4

A newborn baby receives antibodies from its mother through the placenta and breast milk. What type of immunity does this represent?

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 5

Which process involves the engulfment and destruction of pathogens by cells such as neutrophils and macrophages?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of the complement system in immunity?

Accepted Answer

Forming membrane attack complexes (MAC) that lyse target cells

Question 7

A patient develops hives and difficulty breathing after eating shellfish. Which immune response is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Type I immediate hypersensitivity mediated by IgE

Question 8

Which immunoglobulin class is most abundant in blood and provides passive immunity to the fetus?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 9

Which cell type is responsible for cell-mediated immunity and directly attacks infected or abnormal cells?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 10

Which of the following best explains the rapid and robust antibody production during a secondary immune response?

Accepted Answer

Memory B cells are already primed and produce large quantities of antibodies quickly

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

Release of histamine → vasodilation → increased capillary permeability → migration of phagocytes → tissue repair

Question 12

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between antigen exposure and antibody titer in a primary immune response?

Accepted Answer

$$T_{primary}(t) = k \cdot (1 - e$$^{-\lambda t}$$)$$

Question 13

Which of the following is a real-world example of a Type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reaction?

Accepted Answer

Mismatched blood transfusion leading to hemolysis

Question 14

Which property of immunity ensures that the immune system ignores 'self' antigens and does not attack normal body cells?

Accepted Answer

Tolerance

Question 15

A patient with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is unable to produce functional B and T cells. Which consequence is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Inability to mount effective adaptive immune responses

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of cytokines in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Cytokines are chemical messengers that coordinate and regulate immune cell activity.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of interferons in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Stimulating production of antiviral proteins in healthy cells to block viral replication

Question 18

Which equation best represents the exponential increase in IgG antibody concentration during a secondary immune response?

Accepted Answer

$$IgG_{secondary}(t) = A \cdot e$$^{kt}$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of chronic stress due to excessive glucocorticoid secretion?

Accepted Answer

Suppression of the immune response, leading to increased vulnerability to infections

Lymphatic System and Body Defenses: Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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