Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mass balance model as it applies to human metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Mass entering the body (food, drink, air) must equal the mass leaving the body (waste, exhaled gases, sweat) plus any change in body stores.

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of an anabolic process in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenesis, where glucose molecules are joined to form glycogen.

Question 3

A patient with lactase non-persistence consumes a glass of milk. Which of the following best explains what happens in their digestive system?

Accepted Answer

Lactose is not fully digested and passes into the colon, where bacteria ferment it, causing gas and discomfort.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the structure and function of cellulose is correct?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide in plants and cannot be digested by human enzymes.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why glycogen is a more readily mobilized energy store than starch or cellulose in humans?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen has a highly branched structure, allowing multiple enzymes to access and break it down quickly.

Question 6

Which of the following equations best represents the principle of mass balance in the human body?

Accepted Answer

$$Input - Output = Accumulation$$

Question 7

A person eats a meal high in carbohydrates. Which process will be most active in their liver immediately after the meal, and why?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenesis, because excess glucose is being stored as glycogen.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between lactose and lactase?

Accepted Answer

Lactose is a disaccharide sugar, while lactase is the enzyme that breaks it down.

Question 9

Which of the following is a health equity issue related to lactase persistence?

Accepted Answer

Assuming that all populations benefit equally from dairy consumption, despite genetic differences in lactase persistence.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why humans cannot digest cellulose, even though it is made of glucose monomers?

Accepted Answer

Humans lack the enzyme to break the specific $$\beta-1$$,4-glycosidic bonds in cellulose.

Question 11

A person with a mutation causing continuous lactase production into adulthood is said to have which trait?

Accepted Answer

Lactase persistence

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Storing genetic information

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in carbohydrate digestion?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes act as catalysts, speeding up the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into absorbable monosaccharides.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct comparison between starch and glycogen?

Accepted Answer

Both are storage polysaccharides, but glycogen is found in animals and is more highly branched.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why dietary recommendations should consider genetic variation in lactase persistence?

Accepted Answer

Populations with high lactase persistence can safely consume more dairy, while those with low persistence may experience adverse effects.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct statement about the three main macromolecules in food?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are all sources of energy and have distinct roles in metabolism.

Question 17

A person is fasting and their blood glucose drops. Which process is activated in the liver to maintain blood glucose levels, and what is the process called?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenolysis; glycogen is broken down to release glucose.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of eating a meal high in fiber (cellulose) on human digestion?

Accepted Answer

Fiber passes through the digestive tract largely undigested, aiding in bowel regularity.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the chemical structure of carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, typically in a ratio of 1:2:1.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why some people experience symptoms after consuming dairy products, while others do not?

Accepted Answer

Genetic variation leads to differences in lactase persistence, affecting the ability to digest lactose in adulthood.

Macromolecules, Metabolism, and Carbohydrate Physiology: Study Guide

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