Q: A patient is fasting for 24 hours. According to the mass balance model of metabolism, which of the following equations best represents the relationship between intake, storage, and output of macronutrients during this period?

$$\text{Intake} - \text{Output} = \text{Change in Storage}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the three main macromolecules found in food?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

Question 2

A patient is fasting for 24 hours. According to the mass balance model of metabolism, which of the following equations best represents the relationship between intake, storage, and output of macronutrients during this period?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Intake} - 	ext{Output} = 	ext{Change in Storage}$$

Question 3

Which process is catabolic and which is anabolic: glycogenolysis and glycogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenolysis is catabolic; glycogenesis is anabolic

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the chemical structure of carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of approximately 1:2:1

Question 5

A person consumes a diet high in cellulose. What is the most likely physiological effect, and why does this occur?

Accepted Answer

Increased fecal bulk due to inability to digest cellulose

Question 6

Which of the following statements best explains why glycogen is more rapidly catabolized by enzymes than cellulose?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen has a highly branched structure, allowing multiple enzymes to act simultaneously

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between lactose and lactase?

Accepted Answer

Lactose is a disaccharide sugar; lactase is the enzyme that breaks it down

Question 8

Before lactose can be absorbed in the small intestine, which of the following must occur?

Accepted Answer

Lactase must hydrolyze lactose into glucose and galactose

Question 9

Lactase persistence is an example of which type of genetic adaptation, and what is a major factor that led to its prevalence in certain human populations?

Accepted Answer

Positive selection due to dairy farming and milk consumption

Question 10

Which of the following is a health equity issue related to lactase persistence?

Accepted Answer

Assuming all populations can tolerate dairy, leading to dietary guidelines that may disadvantage those with lactose intolerance

Question 11

A patient with liver disease has impaired glycogenolysis. What is the most likely effect on their blood glucose levels during fasting?

Accepted Answer

Blood glucose levels will decrease more rapidly than normal

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why humans cannot digest cellulose, even though it is made of glucose monomers?

Accepted Answer

Humans lack the enzyme to break the $$\beta-1$$,4-glycosidic bonds in cellulose

Question 13

Which of the following equations correctly represents the hydrolysis of lactose by lactase?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Lactose} + 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} \xrightarrow{	ext{lactase}} 	ext{Glucose} + 	ext{Galactose}$$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the 3-dimensional structure of glycogen and its functional significance?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen is highly branched, allowing rapid release of glucose when needed

Question 15

A person with lactase non-persistence consumes a large amount of milk. Which of the following symptoms are they most likely to experience, and why?

Accepted Answer

Bloating and diarrhea due to undigested lactose fermenting in the colon

Question 16

Which of the following statements about starch is correct?

Accepted Answer

Starch is a storage polysaccharide in plants composed of $$\alpha-$$glucose units

Question 17

If a person switches from a diet high in starch to one high in cellulose, what is the most likely effect on their energy intake?

Accepted Answer

Their usable energy intake will decrease because humans cannot digest cellulose

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why some populations have higher rates of lactase persistence?

Accepted Answer

Historical reliance on dairy farming led to selection for lactase persistence

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct comparison of the structures of glycogen, cellulose, and starch?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen is highly branched, starch is moderately branched, and cellulose is linear

Question 20

A nutritionist is designing a diet for a patient with limited liver function. Which process should be most closely monitored to prevent hypoglycemia?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenolysis

Macromolecules, Metabolism, and Carbohydrate Structure: Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology

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