Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between a theory and a hypothesis in psychological research?

Accepted Answer

A theory explains behaviors or events by organizing observations, while a hypothesis is a testable prediction derived from a theory.

Question 2

A researcher wants to study the relationship between hours of sleep and exam scores among college students. Which research strategy is most appropriate, and what statistical measure should be used?

Accepted Answer

Correlational research; use the correlation coefficient $$r to $$measure the relationship.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of an operational definition in an experiment studying memory?

Accepted Answer

Memory is measured by the number of words correctly recalled from a list after 10 minutes.

Question 4

A psychologist finds a correlation coefficient $$r = -0.85$$ between stress levels and hours of sleep. What does this indicate?

Accepted Answer

There is a strong negative relationship; as stress increases, sleep decreases.

Question 5

Which brain structure is primarily responsible for controlling heartbeat and breathing?

Accepted Answer

Brainstem/medulla

Question 6

A patient is unable to form new explicit (declarative) memories after a head injury. Which brain region is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Question 7

Which neurotransmitter action would be increased by an agonist drug?

Accepted Answer

Increase the neurotransmitter's action.

Question 8

A person is able to focus on a single conversation in a noisy room, ignoring other stimuli. Which psychological phenomenon does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Selective attention

Question 9

Which sleep stage is characterized by high brain activity, vivid dreaming, and temporary muscle paralysis?

Accepted Answer

REM sleep

Question 10

A child understands that objects continue to exist even when out of sight. According to Piaget, which stage of cognitive development is this?

Accepted Answer

Sensorimotor

Question 11

According to Kohlberg's stages of moral development, which stage is characterized by upholding laws and social rules to gain approval or maintain order?

Accepted Answer

Conventional

Question 12

Which of the following best describes crystallized intelligence in adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Accumulated knowledge and skills; tends to increase or stabilize with age.

Question 13

Which of the following is the most effective method for reducing HIV/STI transmission during sex?

Accepted Answer

Condom use

Question 14

A person is more confident in their answers than is justified by their actual knowledge. Which bias does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Overconfidence bias

Question 15

In classical conditioning, what is the process called when the conditioned response (CR) reappears after a pause, following extinction?

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery

Question 16

Which of the following best describes latent learning?

Accepted Answer

Learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until there is an incentive to display it.

Question 17

A researcher manipulates the amount of sleep participants get and measures their memory recall. In this experiment, what is the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV)?

Accepted Answer

IV: Amount of sleep; DV: Memory recall

Question 18

Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary functions such as heartbeat and digestion, and includes both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

Accepted Answer

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 19

A person fails to notice a gorilla walking through a basketball game while counting passes. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Intentional blindness

Question 20

Which of the following is a teratogen that can cause Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol

Midterm Study Guide: Foundations of Psychological Science

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