Q: Which equation best represents the net ATP yield from aerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule in skeletal muscle?

$$\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2 \rightarrow 6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} + 30~\text{ATP}$$

Q: Which equation best describes the net gain of ATP from anaerobic glycolysis of one glucose molecule?

$$\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 \rightarrow 2\text{C}_3\text{H}_6\text{O}_3 + 2~\text{ATP}$$

Question 1

Which genetic defect is responsible for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and what is its primary effect on muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

A mutation in the gene coding for dystrophin, leading to unstable muscle fibers and progressive degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscle.

Question 2

A young male patient, age 5, presents with frequent falls, difficulty rising from a sitting position, and enlarged calf muscles. Which sign is most characteristic of his condition?

Accepted Answer

Gowers' sign

Question 3

Which statement best describes the all-or-none principle in skeletal muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

An individual muscle fiber contracts maximally or not at all when stimulated above threshold.

Question 4

Which equation best represents the net ATP yield from aerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule in skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{C}_6	ext{H}_{12}	ext{O}_6 + 6	ext{O}_2 ightarrow 6	ext{CO}_2 + 6	ext{H}_2	ext{O} + 30~	ext{ATP}$$

Question 5

During a sustained muscle contraction, which mechanism allows for graded increases in muscle tension?

Accepted Answer

Recruitment of additional motor units (spatial summation)

Question 6

Which type of muscle contraction occurs when the muscle lengthens while producing tension, such as lowering a weight?

Accepted Answer

Eccentric isotonic contraction

Question 7

A sprinter uses which metabolic pathway to generate ATP during the first 15-30 seconds of a race?

Accepted Answer

Phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate

Question 8

Which muscle fiber type is best suited for endurance activities such as marathon running?

Accepted Answer

Slow oxidative (SO) fibers

Question 9

What is the physiological basis for the length-tension relationship in skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

The degree of overlap between thick and thin filaments determines the number of cross-bridges that can form.

Question 10

A patient with myasthenia gravis experiences muscle weakness due to which underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Autoantibodies destroy acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction.

Question 11

Which equation best describes the net gain of ATP from anaerobic glycolysis of one glucose molecule?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{C}_6	ext{H}_{12}	ext{O}_6 ightarrow 2	ext{C}_3	ext{H}_6	ext{O}_3 + 2~	ext{ATP}$$

Question 12

Which process is responsible for the rapid increase in muscle tension when a second stimulus arrives before the relaxation phase of the first twitch is complete?

Accepted Answer

Temporal (wave) summation

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why bicycles have gears in terms of muscle mechanics?

Accepted Answer

There is an inverse relationship between velocity of muscle shortening and resistance (load), so gears allow optimal force and speed for different loads.

Question 14

Which hormone stimulates the synthesis of muscle proteins and enlargement of skeletal muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 15

Which structural feature distinguishes smooth muscle from skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Smooth muscle cells lack sarcomeres and have filaments arranged in a meshwork.

Question 16

Which molecule acts as the calcium ion regulatory protein in smooth muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Calmodulin

Question 17

A patient is prescribed amlodipine for hypertension. What is the drug’s mechanism of action in smooth muscle?

Accepted Answer

It blocks voltage-gated calcium channels, reducing calcium influx and causing relaxation of vascular smooth muscle.

Question 18

Which type of smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow visceral organs and contracts as a single unit due to gap junctions?

Accepted Answer

Single-unit (visceral) smooth muscle

Question 19

Which metabolic adjustment occurs during the recovery period after strenuous exercise, resulting in increased oxygen demand?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen deficit: the amount of $$	ext{O}_2$$ required to restore pre-exercise conditions, including ATP, CP, and glycogen levels.

Muscle Tissue: Structure, Function, and Disorders (Chapter 9, Part 2)

스터디 가이드 - 연습 문제

학습 가이드 - 플래시카드