Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between epaxial and hypaxial muscles?

Accepted Answer

Epaxial muscles are located dorsal to the vertebral column and are responsible for extension of the trunk, while hypaxial muscles are ventral and involved in flexion and lateral bending.

Question 2

A patient presents with difficulty flexing their neck and rotating their head to the opposite side. Which superficial neck muscle is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Sternocleidomastoid

Question 3

Which nerve innervates the strap (infrahyoid) muscles of the neck?

Accepted Answer

Ansa cervicalis (from the cervical plexus)

Question 4

Which muscle group is primarily responsible for extension of the vertebral column?

Accepted Answer

Erector spinae group

Question 5

During a car crash, a patient suffers a whiplash injury resulting in damage to the anterior longitudinal ligament. Which muscles will most likely compensate for the increased strain?

Accepted Answer

Rectus abdominis and psoas major

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of the cervical plexus?

Accepted Answer

Provides sensory and motor innervation to the neck and diaphragm via the phrenic nerve

Question 7

Which muscle is NOT considered an intrinsic muscle of the back?

Accepted Answer

Rectus abdominis

Question 8

The articulation of a rib with a vertebra involves which of the following structures?

Accepted Answer

Transverse process and vertebral body

Question 9

Which of the following statements about intercostal and abdominal muscles is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Both groups are hypaxial muscles and assist in respiration and trunk movement.

Question 10

Which muscle is primarily responsible for lateral bending of the trunk?

Accepted Answer

Quadratus lumborum

Question 11

A patient has difficulty breathing due to paralysis of the diaphragm. Which nerve is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Phrenic nerve

Question 12

Which of the following muscles is involved in both neck flexion and lateral bending?

Accepted Answer

Sternocleidomastoid

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of the rectus sheath above the arcuate line?

Accepted Answer

Both anterior and posterior sheaths are present, enclosing the rectus abdominis.

Question 14

Which equation correctly represents the force generated by a muscle during trunk flexion, given muscle tension $$T$$ and lever arm length $$r$$?

Accepted Answer

$$F = T 	imes r$$

Question 15

Which muscle is most active during forced expiration?

Accepted Answer

Internal intercostals

Question 16

Which of the following trunk movements is primarily produced by the external and internal oblique muscles?

Accepted Answer

Rotation

Question 17

Which muscle is innervated by the lumbar plexus and assists in trunk flexion?

Accepted Answer

Psoas major

Question 18

A patient with damage to the dorsal rami of spinal nerves would most likely experience weakness in which muscle group?

Accepted Answer

Erector spinae

Question 19

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

Accepted Answer

It prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column.

Question 20

Which muscle is most responsible for elevating the ribs during inspiration?

Accepted Answer

External intercostals

Muscles of the Neck & Trunk: Structure, Function, and Innervation

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