Q: Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion?

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{outside}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{inside}}} \right)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of myelin in neuronal function?

Accepted Answer

Myelin insulates axons, enabling saltatory conduction between nodes of Ranvier, which increases signal transmission speed.

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle weakness due to impaired neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. Which step in synaptic transmission is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Opening of voltage-gated calcium channels at the axon terminal.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{outside}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{inside}}} ight)$$

Question 4

Which of the following changes would most likely increase the speed of action potential conduction in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Increasing axon diameter and adding myelin.

Question 5

A neuron receives multiple excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) from different presynaptic neurons at the same time. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Spatial summation

Question 6

Which neurotransmitter and receptor combination is responsible for fast depolarization at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine and nicotinic receptor

Question 7

During the generation of an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), which ions are most likely to move and in which direction?

Accepted Answer

Potassium ($$K^+) $$efflux or Chloride ($$Cl^-) $$influx

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why sympathetic effects last longer than parasympathetic effects?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine is removed from the synapse more slowly and can act on target organs via the bloodstream.

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

Accepted Answer

Restricts entry of harmful substances and maintains a stable environment for neural function.

Question 10

A patient has damage to the Wernicke's area of the brain. Which symptom would most likely be observed?

Accepted Answer

Impaired language comprehension

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between channel-linked (ionotropic) and G-protein coupled (metabotropic) receptors?

Accepted Answer

Channel-linked receptors directly open ion channels for fast responses; G-protein coupled receptors activate intracellular signaling for slower, complex responses.

Question 12

Which of the following is true regarding the primary energy source for the central nervous system (CNS)?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is the main energy source, and the brain relies on a constant supply due to limited storage.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of the thalamus?

Accepted Answer

Relays sensory information to the cortex and filters signals.

Question 14

A neuron is at rest with a membrane potential of $$-70\ 	ext{mV}. $$Which ions are primarily responsible for maintaining this resting potential?

Accepted Answer

Potassium ($$K^+) $$and sodium ($$Na^+)$$

Question 15

Which of the following best describes an axoaxonic synapse?

Accepted Answer

A synapse between axon terminals of two neurons; often modulates neurotransmitter release.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a fate of neurotransmitters after binding to postsynaptic cell receptors?

Accepted Answer

Active transport into the postsynaptic neuron.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between EPSP and IPSP?

Accepted Answer

EPSP causes depolarization; IPSP causes hyperpolarization.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events leading to neurotransmitter release at a chemical synapse?

Accepted Answer

Action potential reaches axon terminal, voltage-gated calcium channels open, synaptic vesicles fuse, neurotransmitter released.

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the basal nuclei?

Accepted Answer

Regulate voluntary motor movements and inhibit unnecessary movements.

Nervous System: Neurons, Synapses, and Central Nervous System Organization

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