Question 1

A patient presents with loss of sensation in the skin over the anterior thigh and weakness in extending the knee. Which nerve is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Femoral nerve

Question 2

Which supporting cell is responsible for forming myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system, and what is the effect of its damage?

Accepted Answer

Schwann cell; slows or blocks action potential conduction in the PNS

Question 3

A patient has difficulty with voluntary motor control and planning, but their sensory perception is intact. Which brain region is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Frontal lobe

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of the thalamus?

Accepted Answer

Relays and processes most sensory information traveling toward the cortex

Question 5

A person is unable to abduct their eye (move it laterally). Which cranial nerve is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

VI Abducens

Question 6

Which of the following correctly matches a nerve covering with what it surrounds?

Accepted Answer

Endoneurium: individual nerve fiber

Question 7

A patient has intact withdrawal reflexes but cannot consciously perceive pain in the affected limb. Which pathway is most likely interrupted?

Accepted Answer

Spinothalamic pathway

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the order of the brainstem structures from superior to inferior?

Accepted Answer

Midbrain → pons → medulla

Question 9

A patient has difficulty with balance and coordination, often overshooting when reaching for objects. Which brain structure is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Cerebellum

Question 10

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

Dorsal root carries sensory input toward the cord

Question 11

A patient has lost the ability to taste on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and cannot smile symmetrically. Which cranial nerve is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

VII Facial

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Support the neural environment and maintain the blood–brain barrier

Question 13

A patient has a lesion affecting the region inferior to the thalamus, resulting in disrupted thirst and temperature regulation. Which structure is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus

Question 14

Which of the following correctly matches a receptor type with the information it detects?

Accepted Answer

Chemoreceptor: chemicals

Question 15

A patient has lost both motor and sensory function in a limb after an injury. Which structure is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Mixed spinal nerve

Question 16

Which equation best represents the relationship between the number of Schwann cells ($$N_{SC}) $$and the number of myelinated axon segments ($$N_{AS}) in $$the PNS?

Accepted Answer

$$N_{SC} = N_{AS}$$

Question 17

A patient has impaired hearing and balance. Which cranial nerve is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

VIII Vestibulocochlear

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the corpus callosum?

Accepted Answer

Connects the cerebral hemispheres

Question 19

A patient is unable to move their tongue properly, resulting in slurred speech. Which cranial nerve is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

XII Hypoglossal

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the path of a withdrawal reflex?

Accepted Answer

Receptor $$\rightarrow$$ sensory neuron $$\rightarrow$$ spinal interneurons $$\rightarrow$$ motor neuron $$\rightarrow$$ skeletal muscle

Nervous System Organization, Structure, and Function: Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology

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