Q: Which equation best represents the Nernst equation used to calculate the equilibrium potential for an ion across a membrane?

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{outside}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{inside}}} \right)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between gray matter and white matter in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Gray matter contains neuron cell bodies and dendrites, while white matter consists mainly of myelinated axons.

Question 2

A patient suffers damage to the ventral root of a spinal nerve. Which function is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Motor control of skeletal muscles

Question 3

Which glial cell is responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Schwann cell

Question 4

During the generation of an action potential, which event occurs immediately after the membrane potential reaches threshold?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing $$\mathrm{Na^+}$$ influx

Question 5

Which neurotransmitter is classified as an excitatory amino acid and is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Glutamate

Question 6

A lesion in the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex would most likely affect which function?

Accepted Answer

Somatosensory perception

Question 7

Which equation best represents the Nernst equation used to calculate the equilibrium potential for an ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{outside}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{inside}}} ight)$$

Question 8

Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from the retina to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Optic nerve (II)

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

The sympathetic division has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers, while the parasympathetic has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers.

Question 10

A patient presents with loss of sensation and motor function in the right arm. Which spinal cord region is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Cervical region

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct sequence of activation in a multipolar neuron?

Accepted Answer

Dendrites → cell body → axon hillock → axon → axon terminal

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining the blood-brain barrier and regulating extracellular ion balance

Question 13

Which spinal nerve plexus is responsible for innervating the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve?

Accepted Answer

Cervical plexus

Question 14

Which of the following is a modality of the somatic sensory system?

Accepted Answer

Touch

Question 15

A patient is exposed to a toxin that blocks voltage-gated potassium channels in neurons. What effect would this have on the action potential?

Accepted Answer

The neuron would repolarize more slowly, prolonging the action potential.

Question 16

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 17

Which of the following best describes a visceral reflex arc in the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Sensory receptor → afferent neuron → integration center → efferent autonomic neuron → smooth muscle/gland

Question 18

Which region of the adult brain is derived from the embryonic diencephalon?

Accepted Answer

Thalamus

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the difference between an EPSP and an IPSP?

Accepted Answer

An EPSP depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane, increasing the likelihood of an action potential; an IPSP hyperpolarizes it, decreasing the likelihood.

Question 20

A patient is experiencing increased heart rate and dilated pupils after a car accident. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is most active?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic division

Nervous Tissue and the Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Organization

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