Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They maintain the blood-brain barrier and regulate the chemical environment for neurons.

Question 2

A patient suffers a spinal cord injury that damages the dorsal root ganglia. Which type of neuron is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Unipolar (pseudounipolar) sensory neurons

Question 3

Which division of the nervous system is responsible for 'rest and digest' activities?

Accepted Answer

Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Question 4

What is the main difference in impulse conduction between myelinated and unmyelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Myelinated axons conduct impulses via saltatory conduction, jumping from node to node.

Question 5

Which neuroglial cell is responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Ependymal cell

Question 6

A nerve impulse is initiated when the concentration of $$Na^+$$ ions increases at the axon hillock. What is the primary effect of this increase?

Accepted Answer

It triggers the opening of voltage-gated $$Na^+$$ channels, leading to depolarization.

Question 7

Which equation best represents the calculation of conduction velocity ($$v) in a $$myelinated axon, given the distance between nodes ($$d) $$and the time ($$t) it $$takes for the impulse to travel between them?

Accepted Answer

$$v = \frac{d}{t}$$

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE regarding Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They form the myelin sheath around a single axon and assist in axon regeneration.

Question 9

A patient presents with muscle weakness and decreased reflexes. Which type of neural circuit is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Diverging circuit

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the process of Wallerian degeneration in the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

The axon and myelin sheath distal to the injury degenerate, while Schwann cells form a regeneration tube.

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of microglia in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosing microbes and cellular debris

Question 12

Which type of neuron is most commonly found in the retina and olfactory epithelium?

Accepted Answer

Bipolar neuron

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why myelinated axons appear as 'white matter' in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They are surrounded by a lipid-rich myelin sheath.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Producing hormones for long-term regulation

Question 15

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between the number of neurons ($$N) $$and the number of neuroglia ($$G) in $$the central nervous system, given that neuroglia outnumber neurons by a factor of 25?

Accepted Answer

$$G = 25N$$

Question 16

Which of the following best describes a converging neural circuit?

Accepted Answer

Many presynaptic neurons stimulate a single postsynaptic neuron.

Question 17

Which of the following is TRUE regarding regeneration of nervous tissue in the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Damaged axons can regenerate if the cell body remains intact and Schwann cells are active.

Question 18

Which of the following is a characteristic of multipolar neurons?

Accepted Answer

They are the most common type of neuron in the CNS and all motor neurons are multipolar.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They surround neuronal cell bodies in ganglia and regulate the chemical environment.

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during the repair of a damaged axon in the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Nissl bodies break up, Wallerian degeneration occurs, Schwann cells form a regeneration tube, axon regrows

Nervous Tissue: Structure, Function, and Organization

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