$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + 32ATP + \text{heat}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes an essential nutrient?

Accepted Answer

A nutrient that must be obtained from the diet because the body cannot synthesize it.

Question 2

Which macronutrient provides the highest energy yield per gram when metabolized?

Accepted Answer

Lipids

Question 3

What is the primary goal of cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

To trap chemical energy in ATP for cellular functions

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly represents the overall reaction for glucose catabolism during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 ightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + 32ATP + 	ext{heat}$$

Question 5

During the absorptive state, which hormone is primarily responsible for facilitating glucose uptake into muscle and adipose cells?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 6

Which process describes the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and glycerol?

Accepted Answer

Gluconeogenesis

Question 7

A patient with diabetes mellitus is found to have a fruity odor on their breath and rapid breathing. What is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of ketone bodies causing metabolic acidosis

Question 8

Which lipoprotein is responsible for transporting excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for breakdown and excretion?

Accepted Answer

HDL (high-density lipoprotein)

Question 9

Which metabolic pathway is accelerated when carbohydrate intake is inadequate, leading to increased breakdown of stored fats?

Accepted Answer

Lipolysis

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a function of cholesterol in the body?

Accepted Answer

Source of energy for ATP production

Question 11

A person has a BMI of 32. According to standard definitions, this person is:

Accepted Answer

Obese

Question 12

Which hormone is secreted by fat cells in response to increased body fat mass and acts to suppress appetite?

Accepted Answer

Leptin

Question 13

Which process involves the transfer of an amine group from an amino acid to a keto acid, generating glutamic acid?

Accepted Answer

Transamination

Question 14

Which of the following factors would most likely increase basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Accepted Answer

Stress

Question 15

During prolonged fasting, which organ is prioritized for glucose usage, while other tissues switch to fatty acids and ketone bodies?

Accepted Answer

Brain

Question 16

Which of the following statements about saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is correct?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids stimulate liver synthesis of cholesterol and inhibit its excretion.

Question 17

Which metabolic process is described by the following equation: $$	ext{BMI} = \frac{	ext{weight (lb)} 	imes 703}{	ext{height (in)}^2}$$ ?

Accepted Answer

Calculation of body mass index

Question 18

Which of the following is a direct effect of insulin during the absorptive state?

Accepted Answer

Promotes glycogen and triglyceride formation

Question 19

Which of the following is a consequence of hyperthyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Weight loss despite increased hunger

Question 20

Which process is responsible for converting fatty acids to acetyl CoA for entry into the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

Beta oxidation

Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy Balance: Study Notes

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