Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between organic and inorganic compounds in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Organic compounds always contain carbon and hydrogen, often with oxygen or nitrogen, and are generally complex molecules originating in living organisms.

Question 2

Which functional group is commonly found in carbohydrates and is responsible for their solubility in water?

Accepted Answer

Hydroxyl group $$(-OH)$$

Question 3

What is the relationship between monomers and polymers in macromolecules?

Accepted Answer

Polymers are large molecules made by linking together many monomers through covalent bonds.

Question 4

Which reaction type is responsible for joining two amino acids together to form a dipeptide, and what is released during this process?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis; water is released

Question 5

A patient is unable to digest starch into glucose. Which type of chemical reaction is most likely impaired in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis

Question 6

Which of the following correctly matches the macromolecule with its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Proteins – Amino acids

Question 7

Which bond is formed between monosaccharides to create polysaccharides?

Accepted Answer

Glycosidic bond

Question 8

Triglycerides are formed from which combination of monomers?

Accepted Answer

Three fatty acids and one glycerol

Question 9

Which of the following statements about phospholipids is correct?

Accepted Answer

They have a hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails, making them amphiphilic.

Question 10

Which of the following is a physiological role of cholesterol in the human body?

Accepted Answer

It serves as the basis for all other steroids.

Question 11

Which level of protein structure is primarily responsible for the overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain?

Accepted Answer

Tertiary structure

Question 12

What is the consequence of protein denaturation in terms of its function?

Accepted Answer

Loss of shape leads to loss of function because the protein can no longer bind to its target molecules.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Two long chains of nucleotides twisted around each other to form a double helix held together by hydrogen bonds.

Question 14

Which of the following is the main source of chemical energy in the body, and what is its molecular structure?

Accepted Answer

ATP; adenine attached to ribose and three phosphate groups

Question 15

Which process is required to replenish ATP supply in cells and why is oxygen necessary for this process?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation; oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

Question 16

Which of the following correctly matches a nucleic acid with its function?

Accepted Answer

RNA – carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytosol for protein synthesis

Question 17

A mutation causes a change in the primary structure of a protein. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

The protein may lose its function due to altered folding and shape.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?

Accepted Answer

Formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids with the release of water: $$	ext{Amino acid}_1 + 	ext{Amino acid}_2 ightarrow 	ext{Dipeptide} + H_2O$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a structural role of carbohydrates in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Glycoproteins and glycolipids contribute to cell recognition and signaling.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids are vital to the structure of cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Their amphiphilic nature allows them to form bilayers with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.

Organic Macromolecules: Structure, Function, and Biological Roles

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