$$\mathrm{H_2O} + \text{ions} \rightarrow \text{pathogen cell} \rightarrow \text{cell swelling and lysis}$$

$$\text{Antibody} + \text{B lymphocyte} \rightarrow \text{B cell activation}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the first line of defense against external pathogens in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Physical, chemical, and mechanical barriers

Question 2

A patient receives antibodies through a gamma globulin injection after exposure to hepatitis. What type of immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Artificial passive immunity

Question 3

Which of the following is a key difference between bacteria and viruses?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria can survive and reproduce outside a host, while viruses must have a host cell to reproduce.

Question 4

Which immune response is characterized by being rapid, nonspecific, and lacking memory?

Accepted Answer

Innate immune response

Question 5

What is the primary function of the membrane attack complex formed by complement proteins?

Accepted Answer

To create pores in the pathogen membrane, leading to cell lysis

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses?

Accepted Answer

Viruses lack the metabolic pathways targeted by antibiotics

Question 7

A newborn receives antibodies from its mother through breast milk. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Natural passive immunity

Question 8

Which of the following steps is NOT part of the four-step immune response after a pathogen passes through barriers?

Accepted Answer

Production of red blood cells

Question 9

Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for directly attacking and destroying cells that display MHC-I antigen complexes?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 10

A person with blood type A will have which antibodies in their plasma?

Accepted Answer

Anti-B antibodies

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Clumping of antigens

Question 12

If a mother is Rh- and her fetus is Rh+, what condition can develop in the newborn due to immune response?

Accepted Answer

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Question 13

Which equation best represents the process of cell lysis due to the membrane attack complex?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{H_2O} + 	ext{ions} ightarrow 	ext{pathogen cell} ightarrow 	ext{cell swelling and lysis}$$

Question 14

Which immune cell type binds to immune cells displaying foreign antigen in MHC-II complexes and secretes cytokines to activate other immune cells?

Accepted Answer

Helper T cells

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of antigen-presenting cells in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They display antigen fragments on MHC-II receptors to activate T cells.

Question 16

A clone of lymphocytes is defined as:

Accepted Answer

A group of lymphocytes specific to one antigen

Question 17

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the ABO blood group system?

Accepted Answer

Mismatch transfusion can cause RBC lysis through the complement cascade

Question 18

Which process involves immune cells engulfing and digesting pathogens, producing antigen fragments for presentation?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 19

Which equation best represents the activation of B lymphocytes by antibodies?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Antibody} + 	ext{B lymphocyte} ightarrow 	ext{B cell activation}$$

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of regulatory T cells (Tregs)?

Accepted Answer

Suppress immune cell function to prevent excessive response

Overview of the Immune System: Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes

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