Q: Which equation best represents the relationship between insulin secretion and blood glucose levels in a healthy individual?

$$\text{Insulin secretion} \propto \text{Blood glucose level}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the phrenic nerve, which arises from the cervical plexus?

Accepted Answer

It innervates the diaphragm, controlling breathing.

Question 2

A patient presents with loss of sensation in the lateral forearm and weakness in elbow flexion. Which nerve from the brachial plexus is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Musculocutaneous nerve

Question 3

Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Optic nerve (CN II)

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Preganglionic fibers are long and postganglionic fibers are short.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones require higher concentrations than amino-acid derived hormones to be effective?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones act via intracellular receptors and directly affect gene expression, so low concentrations may not trigger sufficient cellular response.

Question 6

A person touches a hot stove and quickly withdraws their hand. Which type of spinal reflex is primarily responsible for this response?

Accepted Answer

Withdrawal (flexor) reflex

Question 7

Which of the following sensory receptors does NOT adapt to a constant stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Nociceptors

Question 8

Which equation best represents the relationship between insulin secretion and blood glucose levels in a healthy individual?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Insulin secretion} \propto 	ext{Blood glucose level}$$

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between short and long visceral reflexes in the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Short reflexes bypass the CNS and involve only the peripheral ganglia, while long reflexes involve the CNS and two motor neurons.

Question 10

Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas and acts to lower blood glucose levels by increasing glucose uptake in liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of up-regulation in hormone action?

Accepted Answer

A cell increases the number of receptors for a hormone after repeated exposure to low hormone levels.

Question 12

Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing and balance, and what is its number?

Accepted Answer

Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

Question 13

Which of the following best describes reciprocal inhibition during a stretch reflex?

Accepted Answer

Activation of the agonist muscle and simultaneous inhibition of the antagonist muscle.

Question 14

Which equation best represents the refraction of light in the eye as it passes through the cornea and lens?

Accepted Answer

$$n_1$$ \sin \$$theta_1$$ = $$n_2$$ \sin \$$theta_2$$

Question 15

Which of the following is a major function of the hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

It transports hormones from the hypothalamus directly to the anterior pituitary.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of dual innervation in the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Most organs receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, allowing for precise regulation.

Question 17

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of down-regulation of hormone receptors?

Accepted Answer

Target cells become less sensitive to the hormone due to decreased receptor numbers.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a mechanoreceptor?

Accepted Answer

Pacinian corpuscle

Question 19

Which equation best represents the effect of tropic hormones on endocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Tropic hormone} ightarrow 	ext{Stimulates secretion of another hormone}$$

Peripheral Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System, and Endocrine System: Study Guide

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