Q: Which equation best represents the process of sensory transduction in a neuron?

$$\text{Stimulus} \rightarrow \text{Receptor potential} \rightarrow \text{Action potential}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Accepted Answer

Connects the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body and external environment.

Question 2

A patient is unable to move their right arm and has lost sensation in the same limb. Which type of peripheral nerve is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Mixed nerve

Question 3

Which cranial nerve is responsible for facial expression and also carries sensory information from the anterior tongue?

Accepted Answer

Facial (VII)

Question 4

A person touches a hot stove and quickly withdraws their hand. Which type of reflex is this, and what is its main characteristic?

Accepted Answer

Flexion (withdrawal) reflex; polysynaptic and withdraws from painful stimuli

Question 5

Which nerve plexus is responsible for innervating the diaphragm, and what is the mnemonic to remember its roots?

Accepted Answer

Cervical plexus; 'C3, C4, C5 keep the diaphragm alive'

Question 6

A patient presents with one-sided facial paralysis, loss of taste on the anterior tongue, and inability to close their eye. Which cranial nerve is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Facial (VII)

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why myelinated axons conduct impulses faster than unmyelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Myelin insulates the axon, allowing action potentials to jump between nodes (saltatory conduction).

Question 8

Which sensory receptor is most responsible for detecting light touch and adapting quickly to stimuli?

Accepted Answer

Meissner (tactile) corpuscles

Question 9

A patient with diabetes develops numbness and tingling in their feet due to nerve damage. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Peripheral neuropathy

Question 10

During a neurological exam, a patient is unable to dorsiflex their foot and has numbness in the posterior thigh and lower leg. Which nerve plexus is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Sacral plexus

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the pathway of a typical reflex arc?

Accepted Answer

Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory neuron → CNS integration → Motor neuron → Effector

Question 12

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the autonomic control of thoracic and abdominal organs?

Accepted Answer

Vagus (X)

Question 13

A patient is unable to shrug their shoulders or turn their head against resistance. Which cranial nerve is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Accessory (XI)

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the two-point discrimination test?

Accepted Answer

It measures the ability to distinguish between two points of touch and is most sensitive on the fingertips.

Question 15

Which equation best represents the process of sensory transduction in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Stimulus} ightarrow 	ext{Receptor potential} ightarrow 	ext{Action potential}$$

Question 16

A patient presents with flaccid paralysis, loss of reflexes, and decreased muscle tone. Which type of neuron is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Lower motor neuron

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why shingles causes a rash along a specific dermatome?

Accepted Answer

The virus reactivates in sensory neurons that supply a specific skin area.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a cranial nerve and its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) – Hearing and balance

Question 19

A patient is unable to extend their knee and has weakness in the anterior thigh. Which nerve and plexus are most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Femoral nerve; lumbar plexus

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

Accepted Answer

Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands involuntarily

Peripheral Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Clinical Relevance

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