Question 1

Which of the following best describes the concept of homeostasis in human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains a constant internal environment despite changes in external conditions.

Question 2

Which term describes a membrane that allows only certain substances to pass through while blocking others?

Accepted Answer

Semi-permeable

Question 3

A scientist observes that sodium ions move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a cell membrane without the use of energy. Which process is being described?

Accepted Answer

Simple diffusion

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a function of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining the shape of the cell

Question 5

If a cell is placed in a solution and water moves into the cell, causing it to swell, what type of solution is the cell in?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic

Question 6

Which equation correctly represents the net movement of water during osmosis?

Accepted Answer

$$J = -P (C_1$ - C_2$)$$

Question 7

Which of the following best explains the difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion does not require energy, while active transport requires energy in the form of ATP.

Question 8

Which of the following compartments make up the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial fluid and plasma

Question 9

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypertonic compared to their blood plasma. What is the most likely effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

The cells will shrink due to water leaving the cells.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes a 'dynamic steady state' in physiology?

Accepted Answer

A condition where variables fluctuate within a narrow range around a set point.

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of primary active transport?

Accepted Answer

Sodium-potassium pump ($$Na^+/K^+$$ ATPase)

Question 12

Which of the following statements about membrane channels and carriers is correct?

Accepted Answer

Channels allow rapid movement of ions, while carriers undergo conformational changes to transport molecules.

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding the difference between penetrating and nonpenetrating solutes?

Accepted Answer

Penetrating solutes can cross the cell membrane, while nonpenetrating solutes cannot.

Question 14

A cell membrane is described as 'selectively permeable.' What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

It allows some substances to pass while restricting others.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

It uses the energy stored in an ion gradient created by primary active transport to move another substance against its gradient.

Question 16

Which equation best represents the rate of diffusion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$J = -D \frac{dC}{dx}$$

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct example of facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Glucose transport into muscle cells via GLUT4

Question 18

Which of the following would increase the rate of simple diffusion across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the concentration gradient across the membrane

Question 19

Which of the following is true about voltage-gated channels?

Accepted Answer

They open or close in response to changes in membrane potential.

Question 20

A researcher adds a solute to one side of a membrane and observes that water moves toward the side with the solute. What property of the solute is most likely responsible for this observation?

Accepted Answer

The solute is nonpenetrating and creates an osmotic gradient.

Physiology Introduction and Membrane Transport: Study Guide

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