$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\mathrm{O_2$} \rightarrow 6\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\mathrm{H_2O} + 32\ \mathrm{ATP} + \text{Heat}$$

Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

mRNA serves as the template that dictates the order of amino acids in a protein.

Question 2

During transcription, which base in DNA is replaced by uracil in RNA?

Accepted Answer

Thymine

Question 3

A mutation changes the DNA sequence from TAC-GGA-CCA to TAC-GGA-CAA. What effect will this have on the resulting protein?

Accepted Answer

One amino acid will be changed in the protein sequence.

Question 4

Which of the following codons is the start codon for translation?

Accepted Answer

AUG

Question 5

What is the correct sequence of events in translation?

Accepted Answer

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

Question 6

Which process removes introns from pre-mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Splicing by spliceosomes

Question 7

In the process of cellular respiration, which equation correctly represents the overall reaction for glucose metabolism?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\mathrm{O_2$} ightarrow 6\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\mathrm{H_2O} + 32\ \mathrm{ATP} + 	ext{Heat}$$

Question 8

Which phase of glycolysis produces the most ATP?

Accepted Answer

Phase 2: Energy payoff

Question 9

What is the main function of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the mRNA codon.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about exons and introns is correct?

Accepted Answer

Exons code for proteins, while introns are removed during mRNA processing.

Question 11

Which process in cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 12

What is the role of electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

It creates a proton gradient used to produce ATP.

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

There are 64 possible codons, but only 20 amino acids.

Question 14

A patient has a mutation in the gene coding for a spliceosome protein. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Failure to remove introns from pre-mRNA, resulting in abnormal proteins.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes substrate-level phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

ATP is produced directly by transferring a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP.

Question 16

During translation, what happens when a stop codon is reached?

Accepted Answer

Translation terminates and the polypeptide is released.

Question 17

Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$\mathrm{O_2$})$$

Question 18

If a cell is unable to produce enough ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, which process will it rely on more heavily?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis and substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct description of the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about catabolic and anabolic reactions is correct?

Accepted Answer

Anabolic reactions build larger molecules from smaller ones.

Protein Synthesis and Cellular Respiration: Key Concepts for Anatomy & Physiology

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