Q: Calculate the total oxygen delivery per minute in a healthy individual, given the following: oxygen concentration in blood with hemoglobin is $$197\ \mathrm{mL/L}$$, dissolved oxygen is $$3\ \mathrm{mL/L}$$, and blood flow is $$5\ \mathrm{L/min}.$$

$$(197 + 3) \times 5 = 1000\ \mathrm{mL/min}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel in the respiratory tract?

Accepted Answer

It allows chloride ions to move from the cell to the apical side, facilitating the formation of saline solution.

Question 2

During the formation of a blood clot, which sequence of events occurs immediately after vasoconstriction?

Accepted Answer

Recruitment and aggregation of platelets to form a plug

Question 3

Which of the following statements about zymogens is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

Zymogens are inactive proteins that require cleavage by a protease to become active.

Question 4

A patient is given a medication that blocks calcium channels. What is the most likely effect on their blood clotting ability?

Accepted Answer

Blood clotting will be slowed because calcium is required for the coagulation cascade.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why water follows sodium and chloride ions into the airway during saline solution formation?

Accepted Answer

Water follows salt due to osmosis, moving from areas of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

Question 6

A person with emphysema has decreased surface area in their alveoli. According to Fick's Law, how does this affect oxygen delivery to the blood?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen delivery decreases because less surface area is available for gas exchange.

Question 7

Calculate the total oxygen delivery per minute in a healthy individual, given the following: oxygen concentration in blood with hemoglobin is $$197\ \mathrm{mL/L}$$, dissolved oxygen is $$3\ \mathrm{mL/L}$$, and blood flow is $$5\ \mathrm{L/min}.$$

Accepted Answer

$$(197 + 3) 	imes 5 = 1000\ \mathrm{mL/min}$$

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the movement of oxygen from alveoli into the blood?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen moves from high partial pressure in the alveoli to low partial pressure in the venous blood.

Question 9

Which of the following pathologies would most likely increase the diffusion distance for oxygen between alveoli and blood, thereby reducing oxygen delivery?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary edema

Question 10

A person is exercising vigorously. Which property of hemoglobin is most beneficial for delivering oxygen to their muscles?

Accepted Answer

Low affinity for oxygen at low partial pressures, allowing more oxygen to be released to tissues

Question 11

Which of the following best explains the concept of cooperativity in hemoglobin's oxygen binding?

Accepted Answer

Binding of one oxygen molecule increases the affinity for additional oxygen molecules.

Question 12

If the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is $$100\ \mathrm{mmHg}$$ and in the venous blood is $$40\ \mathrm{mmHg}$$, what is the direction of net oxygen movement?

Accepted Answer

From alveoli to blood

Question 13

Which of the following is a direct effect of prostacyclin released by healthy tissue during blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

It prevents platelets from binding to healthy tissue.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the movement of sodium ions during the formation of saline solution in the respiratory tract?

Accepted Answer

Sodium moves paracellularly from the interstitial fluid to the airway, attracted by chloride ions.

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the activation of fibrin during blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

Fibrinogen is activated by thrombin to form fibrin.

Question 16

A patient has a genetic defect that prevents the activation of plasminogen. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Blood clots will persist longer than normal, increasing the risk of embolism.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why hemoglobin is necessary for adequate oxygen delivery in humans?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood far above what is possible by simple dissolution.

Question 18

Which of the following would most likely result in a rightward shift of the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve (i.e., lower affinity for oxygen)?

Accepted Answer

Increased temperature and increased carbon dioxide

Question 19

If a person’s blood delivers only $$15\ \mathrm{mL} of $$oxygen per minute (with no hemoglobin), but the metabolic demand is $$250\ \mathrm{mL/min}$$, what is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The person will experience hypoxia due to insufficient oxygen delivery.

Respiratory Physiology, Blood Clotting, and Oxygen Transport: Structured Study Notes

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