Q: Calculate the alveolar ventilation per minute for a person with a tidal volume of 500 mL, a dead space of 150 mL, and a respiratory rate of 12 breaths per minute. Use the formula $$V_A = (V_T - V_D) \times f.$$

$$V_A = (500 - 150) \times 12 = 4,200 mL/$$min

Question 1

Which type of hypoxia is most likely to occur in a patient with severe anemia, and why?

Accepted Answer

Anemic hypoxia, because the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity is reduced.

Question 2

A patient is exposed to cyanide, which blocks the electron transport chain in mitochondria. What type of hypoxia will result?

Accepted Answer

Histotoxic hypoxia

Question 3

According to Boyle's Law, if the volume of a closed chamber containing gas is halved, what happens to the pressure inside the chamber?

Accepted Answer

The pressure doubles.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why alveolar PO$$_2 is $$approximately 100 mmHg, while atmospheric PO$$_2 is 160 $$mmHg?

Accepted Answer

Mixing of fresh air with stale air in anatomical dead space reduces alveolar PO$$_2.$$

Question 5

A patient suffers a puncture wound to the chest, resulting in a pneumothorax. What is the immediate effect on the lung on the affected side?

Accepted Answer

The lung collapses due to loss of the negative intrapleural pressure.

Question 6

Which muscle is primarily responsible for quiet inspiration during normal breathing?

Accepted Answer

Diaphragm

Question 7

During forced expiration, which muscles are recruited to assist in expelling air from the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Internal intercostals and rectus abdominis

Question 8

Which law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature, and what is its equation?

Accepted Answer

Boyle's Law: $$P_1$$ $$V_1$$ = $$P_2$$ $$V_2$$

Question 9

According to the Law of Laplace, what happens to the inward pressure in an alveolus as its radius decreases, assuming surface tension remains constant?

Accepted Answer

The pressure increases.

Question 10

What is the primary function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

Decrease the surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse.

Question 11

A premature infant is diagnosed with infant respiratory distress syndrome. What is the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Low surfactant production leading to high alveolar surface tension

Question 12

Which of the following best describes anatomical dead space?

Accepted Answer

The volume of air in the conducting airways that does not participate in gas exchange.

Question 13

Calculate the alveolar ventilation per minute for a person with a tidal volume of 500 mL, a dead space of 150 mL, and a respiratory rate of 12 breaths per minute. Use the formula $$V_A = (V_T - V_D) 	imes f.$$

Accepted Answer

$$V_A = (500 - 150) 	imes 12 = 4,200 mL/$$min

Question 14

Which of the following changes would most likely be observed in a patient with emphysema?

Accepted Answer

Increased lung compliance and reduced elastic recoil

Question 15

During a spirometry test, which volume represents the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after a maximal inhalation?

Accepted Answer

Vital capacity

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why obstructive pulmonary diseases primarily affect expiration rather than inspiration?

Accepted Answer

During expiration, airway diameter decreases, making obstructions more significant.

Question 17

If a person’s alveolar pressure is 759 mmHg and atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg, what will happen?

Accepted Answer

Air will flow into the lungs.

Question 18

Which cell type is primarily responsible for producing pulmonary surfactant?

Accepted Answer

Type II alveolar cells

Question 19

A patient with chronic bronchitis is likely to have which of the following spirometry findings?

Accepted Answer

Increased residual volume

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the relationship between lung compliance and elasticity?

Accepted Answer

High compliance means the lung is easy to expand, but may not recoil well if elasticity is low.

Respiratory System: Mechanics, Gas Exchange, and Pathology

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