$$\%\text{ saturation} = \dfrac{O_2$\text{ bound to Hb}}{O_2$\text{ capacity of Hb}} \times 100$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

Exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and blood

Question 2

What is the main tissue type found in the trachea, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium; traps and moves particles out of the airway

Question 3

Trace the flow of air from the nose to the alveolar sacs. Which of the following correctly lists the order?

Accepted Answer

Nose → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveolar sacs

Question 4

Which structure is responsible for producing sound during speech?

Accepted Answer

Larynx

Question 5

Which of the following best differentiates the respiratory zone from the conducting zone?

Accepted Answer

The respiratory zone includes alveoli where gas exchange occurs, while the conducting zone transports air but does not participate in gas exchange

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a component of the bronchial tree?

Accepted Answer

Larynx

Question 7

Type I alveolar cells are primarily responsible for which function?

Accepted Answer

Forming the thin barrier for gas exchange

Question 8

Which pressure gradient is most directly responsible for the movement of air into the lungs during inspiration?

Accepted Answer

Atmospheric pressure minus alveolar pressure ($$P_{atm} - P_{alv})$$

Question 9

Which equation best represents the relationship between airflow ($$F$$), pressure difference ($$\Delta P$$), and airway resistance ($$R$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$F = \dfrac{\Delta P}{R}$$

Question 10

A patient with increased airway resistance is likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Decreased airflow for a given pressure gradient

Question 11

Which factor would most likely increase pulmonary compliance?

Accepted Answer

Increased production of pulmonary surfactant

Question 12

Which of the following volumes represents the amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during a normal breath?

Accepted Answer

Tidal volume

Question 13

During gas exchange in the lungs, which process describes the movement of oxygen from alveoli into the blood?

Accepted Answer

Simple diffusion

Question 14

Which of the following would decrease the rate of pulmonary gas exchange?

Accepted Answer

Poor ventilation-perfusion matching

Question 15

Which equation best describes the oxygen loading onto hemoglobin, considering partial pressure of oxygen ($$P_{O_2$}$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$\%	ext{ saturation} = \dfrac{O_2$	ext{ bound to Hb}}{O_2$	ext{ capacity of Hb}} 	imes 100$$

Question 16

Which of the following factors would decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Decreased pH (increased acidity)

Question 17

Which of the following is the most important way carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

Accepted Answer

As bicarbonate ion ($$HCO_3$$^-$$) formed by the reaction CO_2$ + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3 \rightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-$$

Question 18

Why is bicarbonate ($$HCO_3$$^-$$) important in the blood?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a buffer to maintain blood pH

Question 19

A patient with thickened respiratory membranes due to pulmonary fibrosis will most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Decreased rate of gas exchange

Respiratory System: Structure, Function, and Physiology Study Guide

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