Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between interstitial and appositional cartilage growth?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial growth expands cartilage from within by division of chondrocytes, while appositional growth adds new layers to the surface by chondroblasts in the perichondrium.

Question 2

Which type of bone is characterized by a honeycomb-like structure and is primarily found at the ends of long bones?

Accepted Answer

Spongy bone

Question 3

During endochondral ossification, which type of cartilage is replaced by bone?

Accepted Answer

Hyaline cartilage

Question 4

Which bone cell is responsible for bone resorption and what substance does it use to break down bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast; hydrochloric acid ($$\mathrm{HCl})$$

Question 5

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 6

A patient presents with a fracture that has formed a hematoma and a soft callus. What is the next expected stage in the healing process?

Accepted Answer

Formation of a hard (bony) callus

Question 7

Which of the following is a synovial joint feature that distinguishes it from other joint types?

Accepted Answer

Presence of a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid

Question 8

Which connective tissue matrix component is most responsible for resisting tensile forces?

Accepted Answer

Collagen fibers

Question 9

A patient with gout is most likely to have an accumulation of which substance in their joints?

Accepted Answer

Uric acid crystals

Question 10

Which of the following best describes Wolf’s Law?

Accepted Answer

Bone remodels and strengthens in response to mechanical stress.

Question 11

Which joint type allows for the greatest range of movement?

Accepted Answer

Synovial joint

Question 12

Which of the following is a common injury involving inflammation of the tendon?

Accepted Answer

Tendinitis

Question 13

Which of the following equations correctly represents the feedback mechanism for calcium homeostasis involving calcitonin and parathyroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{High\ Ca$$^{2+}$$\ \rightarrow\ Calcitonin\ secretion\ \rightarrow\ Decreased\ blood\ Ca$$^{2+}$$}$$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the periosteal bud in endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

It brings blood vessels, osteogenic cells, and nerves into the developing bone.

Question 15

Which of the following is the technical term for joint dislocation?

Accepted Answer

Luxation

Question 16

Which functional zone of the epiphyseal plate is responsible for rapid mitosis and cell division?

Accepted Answer

Zone of proliferation

Question 17

Which type of cartilage joint is found between the vertebrae and allows for limited movement?

Accepted Answer

Symphysis

Question 18

Which of the following best explains how spongy bone forms during intramembranous ossification?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts secrete osteoid, which calcifies to form trabeculae.

Question 19

Which of the following is a common type of fracture seen in children due to the flexibility of their bones?

Accepted Answer

Greenstick fracture

Question 20

A patient with osteomalacia is most likely to have which of the following underlying problems?

Accepted Answer

Defective mineralization of bone matrix due to vitamin D deficiency

Skeletal System: Bone and Cartilage Structure, Growth, and Joint Classification

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