Question 1

A patient presents with a blood pressure of 88/54 mmHg. Which of the following best describes this condition, and what is the physiological basis for the clinical concern?

Accepted Answer

This is considered hypotension, which can lead to inadequate tissue perfusion due to insufficient mean arterial pressure.

Question 2

Which of the following changes would most effectively increase blood flow through a vessel, according to Poiseuille’s Law?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the vessel radius by a factor of two

Question 3

A patient with chronic kidney disease is unable to properly regulate blood pressure. Which of the following best explains why the kidneys are critical in blood pressure regulation?

Accepted Answer

The kidneys release renin, which initiates a cascade leading to vasoconstriction and sodium retention.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between arteries and veins?

Accepted Answer

Arteries have thicker tunica media and maintain a round shape, while veins have thinner walls, larger lumens, and contain valves.

Question 5

A patient is experiencing increased blood flow to skeletal muscles during exercise. Which of the following mechanisms is most responsible for this change?

Accepted Answer

Decreased local oxygen, increased CO2, and decreased pH causing vasodilation

Question 6

Which type of capillary is most likely to be found in the liver and bone marrow, and what is its primary structural feature?

Accepted Answer

Sinusoidal capillaries; large gaps between endothelial cells for maximal permeability

Question 7

A patient with elephantiasis presents with severe swelling in the lower limbs. What is the underlying cause of this condition?

Accepted Answer

Blockage of lymphatic vessels by parasitic worms, leading to accumulation of interstitial fluid

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the function of the thymus in immunity?

Accepted Answer

It is the site of T lymphocyte maturation and selection.

Question 9

A blood sample is found to have type A antigens and anti-B antibodies. Which blood type does this sample represent, and who can safely donate red blood cells to this person?

Accepted Answer

Type A; can receive from type A and O

Question 10

A pregnant woman is Rh-negative and her fetus is Rh-positive. Why is it important to test her blood, and what could happen if this is not managed?

Accepted Answer

She may develop anti-Rh antibodies, which can cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells in subsequent pregnancies.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?

Accepted Answer

Producing hormones for metabolism

Question 12

A patient has a hematocrit of 65%. Which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood viscosity, which can limit blood flow and increase risk of clotting

Question 13

Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 14

A patient is diagnosed with anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency. Which process is most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoiesis in the bone marrow

Question 15

Which leukocyte is most abundant in a healthy adult and is primarily responsible for phagocytosing bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 16

A patient with a bacterial infection shows an increased number of which type of leukocyte, and what is their primary function?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils; phagocytosis of bacteria

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between non-specific (innate) and specific (adaptive) immunity?

Accepted Answer

Non-specific immunity includes barriers and general responses, while specific immunity involves lymphocytes targeting particular antigens.

Question 18

A child receives a vaccine and develops immunity to measles. Which type of immunity is this, and what is the mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired active immunity; the immune system produces antibodies in response to the vaccine.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why veins serve as blood reservoirs in the body?

Accepted Answer

Veins have thin walls and large lumens, allowing them to accommodate large volumes of blood at low pressure.

Question 20

A patient with HIV is at increased risk for infections. Which aspect of the immune system is most directly impaired by HIV?

Accepted Answer

T helper cells (CD4+), leading to impaired cell-mediated and humoral immunity

Study Guide: Blood Vessels, Lymphatic System, Blood, and Immunity

스터디 가이드 - 연습 문제

학습 가이드 - 플래시카드