Q: Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion?

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{outside}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{inside}}} \right)$$

Q: Which process occurs at a chemical synapse when an action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal?

Voltage-gated calcium channels open, allowing Ca\textsuperscript{2+} to enter and trigger neurotransmitter release.

Question 1

Which of the following best describes how the resting membrane potential is established in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

By the active transport of sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell via the Na	extsuperscript{+}/K	extsuperscript{+} pump, creating an electrochemical gradient.

Question 2

During the propagation of an action potential along an axon, which event occurs first?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated sodium channels open, causing rapid depolarization.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{outside}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{inside}}} ight)$$

Question 4

Which of the following best distinguishes between excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs)?

Accepted Answer

EPSPs increase the likelihood of an action potential by depolarizing the membrane, while IPSPs decrease the likelihood by hyperpolarizing the membrane.

Question 5

Which process occurs at a chemical synapse when an action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated calcium channels open, allowing Ca	extsuperscript{2+} to enter and trigger neurotransmitter release.

Question 6

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the parasympathetic nervous system and acts on cholinergic receptors?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 7

A patient presents with loss of sensation in the thumb and index finger. Which dermatome is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

C6

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the function of the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

Control of homeostasis, including temperature, hunger, and hormone release.

Question 9

Which structure is responsible for connecting the two cerebral hemispheres and facilitating interhemispheric communication?

Accepted Answer

Corpus callosum

Question 10

Where are the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons located?

Accepted Answer

Ventral horn of the spinal cord

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct contrast between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

Accepted Answer

The sympathetic system prepares the body for 'fight or flight', while the parasympathetic system promotes 'rest and digest' activities.

Question 12

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?

Accepted Answer

Olfactory nerve (I)

Question 13

A patient with damage to the phrenic nerve would most likely experience which clinical problem?

Accepted Answer

Difficulty breathing due to impaired diaphragm function.

Question 14

Which neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increases heart rate and contractility.

Question 16

Which equation represents Ohm's Law as applied to the movement of ions across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$I = g(V - E)$$

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the cerebellum?

Accepted Answer

Coordination of voluntary movements and balance.

Question 18

Which reflex involves the rapid withdrawal of a limb from a painful stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Flexor (withdrawal) reflex

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the role of the thalamus in sensory processing?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a relay station, directing sensory information to appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex.

Question 20

A patient is unable to localize touch on the left side of their body. Which brain region is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Right somatosensory cortex

Study Guide: Nervous System, Brain, and Spinal Cord in Anatomy & Physiology

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