Q: If the intrapleural pressure ($$P_{ip}) is 756 mm Hg $$and the intrapulmonary pressure ($$P_{pul}) is 760 mm Hg$$, what is the transpulmonary pressure?

$$P_{pul} - P_{ip} = 4\ \text{mm Hg}$$

Question 1

Which structure is responsible for preventing food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

Accepted Answer

Epiglottis

Question 2

During inspiration, which muscles contract to increase thoracic volume?

Accepted Answer

Diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 3

According to Boyle’s Law, what happens to the pressure inside the lungs when lung volume increases?

Accepted Answer

Pressure decreases

Question 4

Which equation best represents Boyle’s Law?

Accepted Answer

$$P_1$$ $$V_1$$ = $$P_2$$ $$V_2$$

Question 5

Which type of alveolar cell produces surfactant to reduce surface tension?

Accepted Answer

Type II alveolar cell

Question 6

What is the main function of the nasal conchae in the nasal cavity?

Accepted Answer

Increase surface area for warming, humidifying, and filtering air

Question 7

Which law explains why oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in opposite directions during external respiration?

Accepted Answer

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

Question 8

If the intrapleural pressure ($$P_{ip}) is 756 mm Hg $$and the intrapulmonary pressure ($$P_{pul}) is 760 mm Hg$$, what is the transpulmonary pressure?

Accepted Answer

$$P_{pul} - P_{ip} = 4\ 	ext{mm Hg}$$

Question 9

Which respiratory volume represents the amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions?

Accepted Answer

Tidal volume

Question 10

A patient with emphysema has reduced alveolar surface area. Which effect does this have on gas exchange?

Accepted Answer

Decreases efficiency of gas exchange

Question 11

Which formula describes the relationship between airflow, pressure difference, and resistance in the airways?

Accepted Answer

$$F = \frac{\Delta P}{R}$$

Question 12

Which condition is characterized by excessive mucus production and chronic inflammation of the bronchi?

Accepted Answer

Chronic bronchitis

Question 13

What is the primary mechanism by which most carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

Accepted Answer

As bicarbonate ions

Question 14

Which effect describes the increased unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin in tissues with high CO2, high temperature, and low pH?

Accepted Answer

Bohr effect

Question 15

A premature infant is struggling to breathe due to high alveolar surface tension. What is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Insufficient surfactant production

Question 16

Which part of the respiratory system is NOT involved in gas exchange?

Accepted Answer

Conducting zone

Question 17

During exercise, what happens to alveolar ventilation?

Accepted Answer

It increases significantly

Question 18

Which disorder is caused by bacterial infection and results in the formation of lung nodules that can burst and spread bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Tuberculosis

Question 19

What happens to pulmonary arteries serving alveoli with low oxygen and high carbon dioxide concentrations?

Accepted Answer

They constrict to reduce blood flow

Question 20

Which type of hypoxia is caused by cells being unable to absorb oxygen, such as from cyanide poisoning?

Accepted Answer

Histotoxic hypoxia

Study Guide: The Respiratory System (Anatomy & Physiology)

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