Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the plasma membrane in human cells?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a selectively permeable barrier that regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

The cell will shrink because water moves out of the cell to an area of higher solute concentration.

Question 3

Which of the following is a function of integral membrane proteins?

Accepted Answer

They act as channels or carriers to transport substances across the membrane.

Question 4

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypotonic relative to their blood plasma. What physiological effect might this have on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Red blood cells may swell and potentially burst due to water entering the cells.

Question 5

Which organelle is primarily responsible for packaging and shipping proteins to their final destinations within or outside the cell?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 6

During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align at the equator of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why the plasma membrane is described as a 'fluid mosaic'?

Accepted Answer

It is composed of a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins and other molecules embedded throughout, allowing lateral movement.

Question 8

Which of the following processes requires cellular energy (ATP) to move substances across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 9

A cell is observed to engulf a large bacterium by surrounding it with its plasma membrane and forming a vesicle. Which process is being described?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of mitochondria in the cell?

Accepted Answer

They produce most of the cell's ATP via aerobic cellular respiration.

Question 11

A scientist is studying a cell that has an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Which function is this cell most likely specialized for?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of steroid-based hormones and detoxification of drugs

Question 12

Which of the following best explains the difference between passive and active membrane transport?

Accepted Answer

Passive transport does not require ATP, while active transport requires ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the nucleolus?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome subunit assembly

Question 14

A cell is observed to have many microvilli on its surface. What is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of nutrients due to increased surface area

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of DNA replication in human cells?

Accepted Answer

It is semiconservative, with each new DNA molecule consisting of one old strand and one new strand.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes?

Accepted Answer

They contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.

Question 17

A cell is exposed to a toxin that inhibits the function of peroxisomes. Which of the following would most likely occur as a result?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of toxic substances and free radicals within the cell

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the centrosome during cell division?

Accepted Answer

It organizes the mitotic spindle, which is essential for chromosome separation.

Question 19

Which of the following equations best represents the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane due to osmosis?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta \Psi = \Psi_s + \Psi_p$$

Question 20

A cell is observed to secrete large quantities of hormones via vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane. Which process is responsible for this secretion?

Accepted Answer

Exocytosis

Study Notes: The Cell – Structure, Function, and Division (Anatomy & Physiology)

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