Question 1

Which layer of the epidermis is primarily responsible for producing keratin, and what is the main function of keratin in the skin?

Accepted Answer

Stratum spinosum; keratin protects the skin from ultraviolet light and physical damage.

Question 2

A patient presents with a burn that is red, painful, and blistered. Which type of burn is this, and which layers of the skin are affected?

Accepted Answer

Second-degree burn; both the epidermis and part of the dermis are affected.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of melanocytes in the epidermis?

Accepted Answer

They produce melanin, which protects DNA in skin cells from UV radiation.

Question 4

A patient has a yellowish tint to their skin and eyes. What is this condition called, and what is the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Jaundice; caused by excess bilirubin in the blood due to liver dysfunction.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?

Accepted Answer

Production of red blood cells.

Question 6

What type of gland is responsible for producing oil that lubricates the skin and hair, and what is the composition of this oil?

Accepted Answer

Sebaceous gland; oil is a mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and inorganic salts.

Question 7

A patient presents with a skin lesion that is asymmetrical, has irregular borders, and varies in color. According to the ABCDE rule for skin cancer, which letter does 'B' stand for, and what does it indicate?

Accepted Answer

'B' stands for 'Border'; it indicates the edges of the lesion are irregular.

Question 8

Which type of connective tissue is found in the hypodermis, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Loose areolar connective tissue; stores fat and insulates the body.

Question 9

What is the main difference between vellus and terminal hair, and where is each type typically found?

Accepted Answer

Vellus hair is fine and unpigmented, found on children and adult females; terminal hair is coarse and pigmented, found on the scalp and eyebrows.

Question 10

Which layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin, such as the palms and soles, and what is its main characteristic?

Accepted Answer

Stratum lucidum; appears as a clear, translucent layer.

Question 11

A patient is diagnosed with acne. What is the underlying cause of acne formation?

Accepted Answer

Inflammation of sebaceous glands caused by bacteria within the hair follicle.

Question 12

Which type of sweat gland is most numerous and plays a major role in thermoregulation?

Accepted Answer

Eccrine gland.

Question 13

What is the primary function of the papillary layer of the dermis?

Accepted Answer

Contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to the epidermis.

Question 14

Which mineral stored in bones is essential for muscle contraction and nerve transmission?

Accepted Answer

Calcium.

Question 15

A patient presents with a bluish coloration of the skin, especially around the lips and fingertips. What is this condition called, and what does it indicate?

Accepted Answer

Cyanosis; low oxygen levels in the blood.

Question 16

Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs and provides resistance to compression?

Accepted Answer

Fibrocartilage.

Question 17

What is the equation for the Rule of Nines used to estimate the percentage of body surface area affected by burns?

Accepted Answer

$$Total\;Body\;Surface\;Area\;Burned = \sum_{regions} (percentage\;assigned\;to\;each\;region)$$

Question 18

Which vitamin is synthesized by the skin upon exposure to sunlight, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D; regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism.

Question 19

A patient has a wound that is slow to heal and frequently becomes infected. Which layer of the skin is most likely damaged, and why does this affect healing?

Accepted Answer

Dermis; it contains blood vessels and fibroblasts necessary for tissue repair.

Study Notes: The Integumentary System and Bones & Skeletal Tissues

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