Question 1

Which layer of a blood vessel is primarily responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation, and what is its main tissue type?

Accepted Answer

Tunica media; composed mainly of smooth muscle and elastic fibers

Question 2

A patient presents with chronic hypertension. Which formula best describes the relationship between arterial pressure, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance?

Accepted Answer

$$AP = CO 	imes TPR$$

Question 3

Which type of artery acts as a pressure reservoir, expanding and recoiling to maintain continuous blood flow during the cardiac cycle?

Accepted Answer

Elastic arteries

Question 4

If a person’s blood vessel diameter decreases by half, how does the resistance to blood flow change, according to Poiseuille’s Law?

Accepted Answer

Resistance increases by a factor of 16

Question 5

Which of the following mechanisms is most important for the long-term regulation of blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Renal mechanisms altering blood volume

Question 6

During strenuous exercise, blood flow is redistributed. Which tissue receives increased perfusion, and which receives decreased perfusion?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle increases; kidneys decrease

Question 7

Which vessel type is most responsible for controlling systemic blood pressure due to its ability to change diameter in response to neural, hormonal, and chemical signals?

Accepted Answer

Arterioles

Question 8

A blockage in a major artery is less likely to cause tissue death if which anatomical feature is present?

Accepted Answer

Anastomoses

Question 9

Which hormone, released in response to stress, increases cardiac output and causes vasoconstriction?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 10

What is the primary function of capillaries in the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Exchanging materials between blood and interstitial fluid

Question 11

Which vessel contains valves to prevent backflow and is most affected by the respiratory pump during venous return?

Accepted Answer

Veins

Question 12

A patient with renal artery obstruction is most likely to develop which type of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Secondary hypertension

Question 13

Which equation correctly represents cardiac output in terms of blood flow and resistance?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = \dfrac{AP}{TPR}$$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the vasa vasorum?

Accepted Answer

Supplies blood to the outer layers of large blood vessels

Question 15

Which of the following would most likely increase total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood vessel diameter

Question 16

Which pressure is measured during ventricular contraction and is typically around 120 mm Hg in a healthy adult?

Accepted Answer

Systolic pressure

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Decreases blood pressure

Question 18

Which vessel type has the largest proportion of the total blood volume in the body?

Accepted Answer

Systemic veins and venules

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why capillaries are ideal for exchange of materials?

Accepted Answer

They have thin walls and a small diameter, allowing close contact with tissues

Question 20

A patient’s blood pressure is measured as 130/85 mm Hg. What is the pulse pressure?

Accepted Answer

$$45\ 	ext{mm Hg}$$

The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels (Chapter 19) – Structure, Function, and Physiology

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