Q: Calculate the cardiac output (CO) for a patient with a heart rate (HR) of 90 beats/min and a stroke volume (SV) of 60 ml/beat. Use the formula $$CO = HR \times SV.$$

$$CO = 90 \times 60 = 5400\,ml/min$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the heart within the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood containing oxygen and nutrients into blood vessels, distributing it throughout the body.

Question 2

A patient presents with chest pain radiating to the left arm and shortness of breath. Angiography reveals a blockage in the left anterior descending artery. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Question 3

Which structure prevents backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria during ventricular contraction?

Accepted Answer

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

Question 4

During the cardiac cycle, which phase is characterized by the ventricles filling with blood while the AV valves are open and the semilunar valves are closed?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular filling phase

Question 5

Calculate the cardiac output (CO) for a patient with a heart rate (HR) of 90 beats/min and a stroke volume (SV) of 60 ml/beat. Use the formula $$CO = HR 	imes SV.$$

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 90 	imes 60 = 5400\,ml/min$$

Question 6

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the pulmonary and systemic circuits?

Accepted Answer

The pulmonary circuit pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange.

Question 7

A patient with long-standing hypertension is found to have left ventricular hypertrophy. Which of the following best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

Increased afterload in the systemic circuit causes the left ventricle to generate more tension, leading to hypertrophy.

Question 8

Which of the following heart sounds is heard when the semilunar valves close?

Accepted Answer

S2 ('dub')

Question 9

Which of the following is a consequence of cardiac tamponade?

Accepted Answer

Reduced amount of blood pumped with each beat due to compression by excess fluid

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Question 11

A patient is diagnosed with a stenotic mitral valve. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Blood flows through the mitral valve with difficulty, requiring the heart to pump harder.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle tissue is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

Intercalated discs and gap junctions allow cardiac muscle cells to contract as a unit.

Question 13

Which part of the cardiac conduction system is the normal pacemaker of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 14

A patient’s ECG shows a prolonged P-R interval and extra P waves. What is the most likely underlying problem?

Accepted Answer

Heart block at the AV node

Question 15

Which hormone increases blood volume and preload, thereby raising cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 16

Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI)?

Accepted Answer

High levels of certain lipids in the blood

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential is important?

Accepted Answer

It prevents tetany by lengthening the action potential, allowing the heart to fill with blood.

Question 18

A patient with left ventricular failure is most likely to develop which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary congestion and pulmonary edema

Question 19

Which of the following would most likely increase stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

Increased contractility

The Cardiovascular System I: The Heart – Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes

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